User:The Cheeze It/sandbox

User:Jackson Stoffel

Main Goals


 * Make edits to Sites and Archaeologist content sections
 * Linking archaeologist to their articles/journals
 * Addition of information to lacking subsection, such Asian and African sites
 * Provide citations for existing information as well as the added information
 * Reorganize the Elsewhere subsection; clean it up and redistribute information to correct subsections

Citations

Balter, Michael, and Ann Gibbons. "A Glimpse of Humans' First Journey Out of Africa." Science, vol. 288, no. 5468, 2000, pp. 948-50''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/213594749?accountid=10100. - Georgia

Reti, Jay S. "Quantifying Oldowan Stone Tool Production at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 1, 2016''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/1760021971?accountid=10100, doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0147352. - Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

de, la T., and Rafael Mora. "The Transition to the Acheulean in East Africa: An Assessment of Paradigms and Evidence from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 21, no. 4, 2014, pp. 781-823''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/1621770089?accountid=10100, doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.1007/s10816-013-9176-5. - Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

de Lumley, Henry, et al. "The First Technical Sequences in Human Evolution from East Gona, Afar Region, Ethiopia." Antiquity, vol. 92, no. 365, 2018, pp. 1151-1164''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/2125149854?accountid=10100, doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.15184/aqy.2018.169. - Goda in the Far Region of Ethiopia

Zaidner, Yossi. "Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel." PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 6, 2013''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/1370183772?accountid=10100, doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0066851. - Israel

Gallotti, Rosalia, and Margherita Mussi. "The Unknown Oldowan: ~1.7-Million-Year-Old Standardized Obsidian Small Tools from Garba IV, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia." PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 12, 2015''. ProQuest'', https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/1750968120?accountid=10100, doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0145101. - Garba IV, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia

Jack's finds on Turkana:

 de Lumley, Henry, et al. "The First Technical Sequences in Human Evolution from East Gona, Afar Region, Ethiopia." Antiquity, vol. 92, no. 365, 2018, pp. 1151-1164. ProQuest, https://0-search-proquest-com.read.cnu.edu/docview/2125149854?accountid=10100, doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.read.cnu.edu/10.15184/aqy.2018.169.

-- Around a total of 500 stone tools were found among the assemblage from NY2. -- Naiyena Engol 2 is a site among the Nachukui Formation in West Turkana, which dates back to around 2.35-1.65mya. -- Among the assemblage, many raw materials suitable for knapping were found, such as basalt and trachyte. -- Freehand flaking was the most common flaking technique seen at NY2. -- The NY2 assemblage dates back to 1.8-1.7mya. -- The Nachukui Formation in West Turkana contains many Oldowan sites, which cover a time-span of nearly 700,000 years.

West Turkana
In the Nachukui site in West Turkana, around 500 stone tools were found at a site named Naiyena Engol 2, or NY2. The assemblage at NY2 dates back to 1.8-1.7 mya, around the peak of the Oldowan period. At the site, freehand flaking was observed to be the most common type of technique for making these tools. A common theme among sites in West Turkana is the high percentage of small flake tools gathered in the assemblages. However, NY2 seems to lack many of these tools, indicating a low productivity rate of flakes.

Lydia's finds on Asia:


 * Xihoudu Site- in china. 32 stone tools were found, including choppers, scrapers, and 3-edged tools. Dates back to 1.8 billion years ago. Site also included animal fossils.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070807121008/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_33639.htm


 * Riwat site- Pakistan. Found in 1983. Lots of chipped stones found, but only 7 confirmed to be actual paleolithic tools. Tools dated from 45,000ya to 1.9mya

Dennell, R. W.; Rendell, H.; Hailwood, E. (1988). "Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan". Antiquity. 62 (234): 98–106. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00073555. ISSN 0003-598X.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233522757_A_45000-Year-Old_Open-Air_Paleolithic_Site_at_Riwat_Northern_Pakistan

Rendell, H.; Dennell, R. W. (1985). "Dated Lower Palaeolithic Artefacts From Northern Pakistan". Current Anthropology. 26 (3): 393–393. doi:10.1086/203287. ISSN 0011-3204.

* Kashafrud site- Iran. 80 artifacts at 7 different points. Contains cores, choppers, flakes, hammer stones and chunks. the tools are mostly per-Acheulean, but some are of the Oldowan assemblage.

Herrera, Rene J., and Ralph Garcia-Bertrand. Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations. Elsevier, 2018. pp. 148-19

Olduvai Gorge
The Oldowan industry is named after discoveries made in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania in east Africa by the Leakey family, primarily Mary Leakey, but also her husband Louis and their son, Richard. Mary Leakey organized a typology of Early Pleistocene stone tools, which developed Oldowan tools into three chronological variants, A, B and C. Developed Oldowan B is of particular interest due to changes in morphology that appear to have been driven mostly by the short term availability of a chert resource from 1.65 mya to 1.53 mya. The flaking properties of this new resource resulted in considerably more core reduction and a higher prevalence of flake retouch. Similar tools had already been found in various locations in Europe and Asia for some time, where they were called Chellean and Abbevillian.

The oldest tool sites are in the East African Rift system, on the sediments of ancient streams and lakes. This is consistent with what we surmise of the evolution of man.

China
At the Xihoudu Site in China, 32 stone tools were found, including choppers, scrapers, and 3-edged tools. these tools were dated back to 1.8 billion years ago. This site also included cultural artifacts, such as animal fossils, burnt bones, and cut antlers. The presence of numerous fish and beaver fossils near the stone tools indicate the existance of a body of water at the site

Pakistan
In Pakistan, Oldowan tools have been found at Riwat during a 1980s excavation. Many of the stones found at this site were considered waste products of stone tool production, as they were small flakes chipped off of larger stones. In total, 1,479 tools and flakes were discovered at this site.

Syria
An excavated site at El Kowm (Aïn al Fil), Syria revealed a plethora of Oldowan tools. In a 2m2 test pit excavated in 2008, 790 artifacts were found, with many pebble tools, cores, flakes, manuports, and flake debris. Although many of these tools show little sign of modification, several of the pebble tools are distinctly-shaped bifacial and trifacial choppers. Dated between 1.8-2.0 mya, these stone tools are some of the earliest Near East finds.

Because of their location in the Syrian desert, these tools have raised questions about the path of early hominin dispersal. The predominant theory that early hominins traveled along the Mediterranean, through what is now Israel, into Europe has been challenged, as the presence of these Olowan tools indicate that an alternate route may have been taken.

Iran
In Iran, 80 tools of different assemblages have been discovered at 7 sites in the Kashafrud Basin. Although many of the artifacts found here, dated at 1.8 mya, were pre-Acheulean, some are of the Oldowan tradition, resembling East African Oldowan finds. Containing cores, choppers, flake, chunks, and hammer stones made predominately of quartz, this site displayed the ability of early toolmakers to work skillfully with fragile stones.

Israel
The site at Bizat Ruhama has shown evidence that the complexity of the stone tool-making process was more complex than researchers previously thought, leading to a new perspective on the capabilities of invention and adaptability of Oldowan hominin populations.

Another key find at the Bizat Ruhama site was that of the secondary flakes. The discovery of these secondary flakes have lead researchers to believe that this was an intentional response to a raw material constraint

According to the micro-morphological studies at the Bizat Ruhama site, the archaeological assemblages represent one or several occupations of the site in a relatively short time frame.

West Turkana
In the Nachukui site in West Turkana, around 500 stone tools were found at a site named Naiyena Engol 2, or NY2. The assemblage at NY2 dates back to 1.8-1.7 mya, around the peak of the Oldowan period. At the site, freehand flaking was observed to be the most common type of technique for making these tools. A common theme among sites in West Turkana is the high percentage of small flake tools gathered in the assemblages. However, NY2 seems to lack many of these tools, indicating a low productivity rate of flakes.

(Zaidner, Yossi. “Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066851# .)

Oldowan tools have been found at sites in South Asia and Southwest Asia. In November 2008 tens of sites of Oldowan tools industry were found on the island of Socotra (Yemen).

Remove elsewhere subsection as it does not add anything meaning full to the article, and there is little to no information supporting assertions of the subsection.

Remove the Egypt section, as the source is too early, and the tools found in Egypt are referenced as Acheulean.