User:The Claire Bear/sandbox

https://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/WFA_Polyester_and__Viscose_2017.pdf

cohesion of cotton paragraph

indentation of the graph

Conference Notes


 * Cotton section
 * dont start every sentence with cotton
 * different type of cohesion
 * "the crop"
 * more transitions ala class on wednesday
 * first two sentences arent relevant
 * cut out adverbs
 * add water bit
 * eliminate one mention of cotton, dont need it in water use and in cotton
 * connect the facts so its not just one after another

Notes

1

Environmental Impacts in the Fashion Industry A Life-cycle and Stakeholder Framework


 * negative environmental impacts focus on people at the bottom of the supply chain
 * production happens in developing countries
 * global clothing sale worth US1 trillion dolalrs in 2000
 * environmental impacts of producing and using apparel: wastewater emissions, solid waste production, significant use of water, minerals, fossil fuels and energy
 * many efforts to reduce environmental impact focus on a single stage of the process, ie the materials, durability, etc, but the effectiveness of such and effect throughout isnt well documented
 * consumer use phase of clothing life cycle is one of the largest and most ignored elements
 * only a little bit on energy efficient washers and dryers
 * zara design room to retail floor can be as little as 14-21 days
 * given that consumer phase has such a big impact, might still be responsibility of company and designer
 * boycott campaigns and protests by ngos have been impacting companies to change their strategies
 * creating clothing that consumers are more likely to buy - ie popular colors and styles - is a financially and environemtnally responsible tactic
 * see table 1 on page 30 for design choices to enhance sustainability

2

Environmental and Social Impact of Fashion: Towards an Eco-friendly, Ethical Fashion Sudeshna Mukherjee


 * fast fashion lead to an explosion of consumption leading to an explosion of waste
 * one of larges and oldest industrial sectors in the world
 * second largest global economic activity in terms of trade according to un environmental program
 * india employs 35 million fashion workers second only to agriculture
 * majors issues
 * resource consumption
 * greenhouse gas emissions
 * land use
 * toxi production processes
 * landifll
 * cotton uses 25% of the worlds insecticies and more htan 10% of pesticides
 * epa says hald of top pesticides used on cotton on US likely carginogenic
 * cotton is water intensive
 * 3644 cubic meters of water to grow one ton of cotton or 347 gallos per poind
 * solvent used in viscose rayon carbon disulfide known to cause human reproductive hazard
 * only half is recovered
 * endangers factory workers, surrounding communities, and environement in general
 * on average 200 liters of water required to produce 1kg of textiles (total? or in dying process alone?)
 * dyeing process includes carginogens: dioxins, heavy metals, formaldehydes
 * only 80% of synthetic dues are retained by the fabric
 * global textile industry releases 40k to 50k tons of dye into local watersources
 * even clean water discharged can be hot and harm fish and ecosystems
 * 21% of annual clothing purchases stay at home
 * waste not yet in waste stream
 * epa office: americans throw away 68 pounds of textiles per year
 * change from before wwi when most clothing was recycled by repair, mending, going to other family members, or as rags
 * packaging also creates a lot of waste and is often in use for the shortest amount of time
 * drive for lower prices puts pressure on production side which leads to poor working standards, cutting corners, underpaying undereducated employees

3

How fast fashion can cut its staggering environmental impact


 * 1995- 7.6 kilograms of fiber per person on the planet
 * vs 2018 - 13.8 kg per person
 * fashion industry employs 300 million people worldwide
 * 50 B garments discarded within a year of being made
 * fashion industry uses somewhere between 20 and 200 trillion liters of water a year
 * make up 20-35% of micropastics in oceans

4

The Environmental Impacts of Fast Fashion on Water Quality: A Systematic Review


 * fashion industry contributes 8% of all carbon emissions, 20% of global wastewater
 * anticipated 50% increase in ghg emissions by 2030
 * 90% of worlds clothing production outsourced to low-middle income countries
 * fash-indust uses 93 B cubic meters of water per year
 * per capita fiber consumption almost tripled between 1950 and 2008
 * 3.7-10.4 kg per eprson
 * 56 million tons of fashion waste globally expetced by 2030
 * H&M had 4.3 billion USD worht of unsold clothing in 2018
 * only 15-20% of textile waste is recycled annually, the rest is incinerated or goes to landfills
 * US offloaded 700 million USD of used clothing to african and asian countries
 * china produces 2.5 billion tons of wastewater annually
 * 32% of country's water faces pollution
 * textile industry accounts for 13-41% of wastewater discharge in manufacturing
 * denmark collects 50% and germany 70% of disposed textiles for reuse
 * if consumers are able to extend lives of garments by 9 months, possibly reduce waste by 22% and water use by 33%

5

https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/cotton


 * cotton is most widespread non food crop in the world
 * production employs 7% of labor in developing countries
 * half of all textiles are made of cotton
 * degrades soil quality
 * environmental pollution affects biodiversity

6

Microfber pollution: an ongoing major environmental issue related to the sustainable development of textile and clothing industry


 * releases microfibers at every stage, production, use and end of life disposal
 * fibers end up in soil, air, rivers, lakes and oceans
 * textiles are largest source of microfibers in the environment
 * a single domestic load of laundry can release up to 700,000 microfibers
 * synthetic microfibers make up 35% of microplastics in the oceans
 * found all over including shores, the surface, deep sea sediment, arctic sea ice, freshwater, and drinking water
 * found in digestive tracts of "commercially important fish and shellfish"
 * natural textile fibers exist more than synthetic fibers in freshwater environments
 * natural fibers are biodegradable but treatments for dye and longevity make them still not so environmentally friendly
 * microfiber pollution has been around since clothing industry has but only considered recently
 * global annual water usage for textile industry is 93 B cubic meters of water
 * cotton is 4600 l/kg
 * plastic based fiber is 38 l/kg
 * dyeing is 88 l/kg
 * total greenhouse gas emissions are 1200 million tons
 * emissions for synthetic fiber is 1.5 times that of cotton per fiber
 * data estimates that more than 90% of plastic pollution destined for the ocean originates in ten rivers all in LMIC's
 * microfibers move around more than soil because they are less dense
 * longer range and larger scale
 * reducing pilling and abrasion is key to both longer lived textiles and reducing microfiber pollution
 * more than 95% of textiles can be recycled or reused but less than 1% of fibers in production are recycled

microfibers


 * what else contributes to microfibers, contextualize

Ways to reduce impact


 * bias shows at last sentence
 * "important" and causality is biased
 * remove the as, its a causality construction
 * separate into two sentences
 * "ended up with" --> had
 * second sentence should be two sentences
 * elaborate on second sentence
 * how long to people people typically wear garments

7

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.553.6556&rep=rep1&type=pdf


 * mj per kg of fiber of textiles for production (?)
 * nylon - 250
 * acrylic - 175
 * polyester - 125
 * polypropylene - 115
 * viscose - 100
 * cotton - 55
 * wool - 63

cohesion

quotation vs paraphrasing
 * repetition of words from previous sentences
 * moving through history or tradition - original -> current
 * connect the first few words of each sentence


 * want you to paraphrase not quote
 * quote selectively