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=Edoras=

thumb|Mount Sunday, in Canterbury, New Zealand, which provided the location for Edoras in Peter Jackson's film adaption of The Lord of the Rings.|The hill known as Mount Sunday (in the lower right corner of the image), in [[Canterbury, New Zealand, provided the location for Edoras in Peter Jackson's film adaption of The Lord of the Rings.]]

Edoras was the capital and only true city of the kingdom of Rohan in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. The city was located on a hill in a valley on the northern side of the White Mountains. Meduseld, the Golden Hall home to the King of Rohan, stood at the top of the hill and was the dominant structure of the city.

The hill on which Edoras was built was at the end of the valley of Harrowdale, which lay under the great mountain Starkhorn. The river Snowbourn flowed past the city on its way west towards the Entwash. A high wall of timber served as the city's only fortification, and a single road allowed access to the city through a gate. Just before the gate, the road was lined with two rows of mounds, in which the former Kings of Rohan were buried.

Prior to Edoras's completion, Rohan's capital was at the town of Aldburg in the Folde, which is believed to have been begun by Eorl the Young, the first King of Rohan. Edoras was apparently founded by Rohan's second King, Brego Eorl's son, who build Meduseld. Tolkien is not exactly clear about who began the city, however, and it is possible that Eorl settled there originally instead of at Aldburg.

In the year 2758 of the Third Age, during the reign of King Helm Hammerhand, Edoras was conquered by Dunlendings under Wulf, who claimed descent from King Fréawine. Wulf declared himself king and ruled from Meduseld during the Long Winter. In the spring of 2759 he was killed when a surprise attack by Helm's nephew Fréaláf Hildeson succeeded in recapturing Edoras.

In The Two Towers, which recounts the early stages of the War of the Ring, the characters Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli visited Edoras and met with King Théoden in Meduseld. Gandalf healed Théoden of Saruman's mental poisoning and banished Grima Wormtongue, King Theoden's traitorous advisor, who fled to Isengard where Saruman ruled. Edoras also appeared several times in The Return of the King when visited by various characters en route to the Siege of Minas Tirith, and later when a number of characters came to the funeral of Théoden.

Meduseld
Meduseld was the home of the kings of Rohan: a large hall built at the top of the hill of Edoras. It had a straw roof, which made it appear as if made of gold when seen from far off—hence the appelation of "the Golden Hall". The walls of the interior were richly decorated with tapestries depicting the history and legends of the Rohirrim, and it served as a house for the King and his kin, a meeting hall for the King and his advisors, and a gathering hall for festivals.

After the Éothéod had settled in Rohan, the second King of Rohan, Brego son of List_of_Kings_of_Rohan, began building a great hall on top of the hill of Edoras. The hall was completed in the year 2569 of the Third Age. In the final years of the Third Age, as recounted in The Lord of the Rings, Meduseld was the home of King Théoden. The doorwarden of Meduseld at this time was Háma.

Naming and Inspiration
In Old English, the language Tolkien used to represent the tongue of the Rohirrim, the name Edoras means "the Courts," which Tolkien declared to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name of the same meaning.

Meduseld is a modernized form of the Old English word Maeduselde, which means "mead hall." This is similarly meant to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric word. In many ways, Meduseld is inspired by Anglo-Saxon poetry, particularly the epic poem Beowulf, in which the mead-hall Heorot is of considerable importance. The name of Meduseld is just one of many aspects of King Théoden's story which Tolkien intended to have very direct connections to Beowulf. The description of the hall, "the light of it shines far across the land," is one of the lines from this poem.

Adaptations
thumbnail|right|180px|Edoras in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.

For Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, produced by New Line Cinema, a fully realized set for Edoras was built on Mount Sunday in the upper reaches of the Rangitata Valley, near Erewhon in New Zealand. Some of the set was digitally added into the film, but the main buildings of the city were built on location—for example, the mountain range behind the city (representing the White Mountains of Middle-Earth) was part of the actual location shot. The interiors of buildings such as Meduseld, however, were located on soundstages in other parts of New Zealand. Consequently, for scenes where the camera was inside of the Golden Hall, looking out the open gates, the image of the on-location Edoras set was digitally inserted into the door-frame. The location set was known among the cast and crew for being extremely windy, as can be seen during the film and the extra footage included in the DVD documentaries. After filming concluded, Mount Sunday was restored to its original natural state.