User:The Vintage Feminist/Brexit101

Disclaimer: I am a remainer.

This essay is designed as a Brexit-specific extension to the essay NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content, in particular the section editorial vs. content neutrality. Even though I have called this an essay it is really a set of pointers and reference tables for editors to dip into.

The Brexit task force can be found here: WP:BREXITTF.

Colour key and abbreviations
Colour key:


 * Remain / pro-EU
 * Leave / pro-Brexit
 * Leave / pro-Brexit - hard Brexit
 * Other (e.g. free vote)
 * Pontential new centrist political party

Abbreviations:

Preface
Brexit politics ignores party politics with individuals sitting somewhere along the pro-Remain / Hard Brexit spectrum.

For the smaller parties such as the SNP, LD and PC being a member of the EU is embedded into the party's ideals, just as being anti-EU is embedded into UKIP.
 * Party positions

For the largest two parties in the Commons, Con and Lab, there are a range of views when it comes to how Brexit should be realized. Party politics tends to run along traditional left / right lines, Con to the right and Lab to the left, with individuals sitting somewhere along the left / right spectrum. Lab are currently facing internal divisions between the left and the centre-left.

For both Con and Lab there is a tension between traditional left / right politics and Brexit politics, this results in MPs not voting with their parties. The mathematics of the Commons is also delicately poised, so this essay seeks to provide a rough guide to those mathematics, key events and possible outcomes.


 * European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018

The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 is the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provides for repealing the European Communities Act 1972, and for Parliamentary approval of the withdrawal agreement being negotiated between HM Government and the European Union. There are concerns that the act will allow thousands of pieces of legislation to be transferred from EU law to UK law without discussion (informally known as Henry VIII clauses).


 * A word about the whips

MPs are expected to attend the Commons and vote as the party leadership desires. The Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, other Whips, and Assistant Whips are there as enforcers of the whip. Going against the whip is a disciplinary matter but if MPs feel strongly that the leadership is wrong they may rebel, sometimes in large numbers. If an MP is suspended (e.g. if they are charged with a criminal offence) then the whip is withdrawn. If an MP withdraws themselves from the whip then they have 14 days in which to agree to the whip being restored or face expulsion from the party, they would then sit as an independent. They may then face pressure to resign and run as an Independent candidate in a by-election running against a candidate from their former party.

The whips may discipline MPs but if MPs feel their concerns are not being addressed they may turn on the leader as happened to the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following Geoffrey Howe's resignation 13 November 1990 which precipitated Thatcher's resignation.

There is no such thing as primaries in UK politics, the 3 requirements to be Prime Minister are:
 * There is no such thing as primaries in UK politics
 * 1) win a constituency seat (in Theresa May's case Maidenhead)
 * 2) be leader of the party (in May's case the Conservatives)
 * 3) that party must have a more seats than the nearest rival party (at the 2017 general election the Conservatives secured 317 seats, their nearest rivals Labour secured 262 seats).

If the 1922 Committee receives letters from 15% of Con MPs (48 letters, 15% of 317 Con MPs) backing a vote of no confidence motion it can precipitate a leadership contest at any time that parliament is sitting.

Majority needed in the Commons to form a government is 320. Con (316 seats) and the DUP (10 seats) have a "confidence and supply" arrangement making a combined number of seats of 326.

What this essay does not seek to do
This essay is not a description of either the process of Brexit, the Brexit negotiations or the Irish border question.

Conservatives
During the referendum May campaigned for Remain however Some in David Cameron's ministry likened May to a "submarine" on the issue of Brexit due to her perceived indifference towards the referendum and the EU.

Following the referendum and her election as party leader, May signalled that she would support full withdrawal from the EU and prioritise immigration controls over remaining within the single market, leading some to contrast this with her earlier remarks on the earlier economic arguments. Lord Heseltine (Con) queried the way that as home secretary May campaigned to remain in the EU though "within a few weeks" of becoming PM, she insisted "Brexit means Brexit". Heseltine mentioned a speech by May before the EU referendum, where she urged Britain to "stand tall and lead in Europe". Heseltine said: "I don't know how someone who made that speech can, within a few weeks, say Brexit is Brexit and ask the nation to unite behind it...[unlike Margaret Thatcher] this lady was for turning." May later went on to say that she would be willing to leave the EU without a deal, saying that "no deal is better than a bad deal. We have to be prepared to walk out".
 * Conservatives : May's switch to a pro-Brexit position, "Brexit means Brexit"

On 17 January 2017 May announced a series of 12 negotiating objectives for Brexit in a speech at Lancaster House. These consist of an end to European Court of Justice jurisdiction, withdrawal from the single market with a "comprehensive free-trade agreement" replacing this, a new customs agreement excluding the common external tariff and the EU's common commercial policy, an end to free movement of people, co-operation in crime and terrorism, collaboration in areas of science and technology, engagement with devolved administrations, maintaining the Common Travel Area with Ireland, and preserving existing workers' rights. May has subsequently been urged by hard Brexiteers to stick to the objectives she laid out in this speech.
 * Conservatives : Lancaster House speech

Opinion polls showed the Conservatives a long way ahead so May called a general election for 8 June 2017 with the intention of increasing her majority in the Commons for her Brexit negotiations. Instead the party's working majority of 17 was reduced by 13 seats and the Conservatives had to enter into a confidence and supply deal with the DUP who have 10 seats. This has caused speculation about how long May can last as prime minister.
 * Conservatives : Post-2017 general election


 * Conservatives : Meaningful vote

May also confirmed at Lancaster House, "that the Government will put the final deal that is agreed between the UK and the EU to a [ meaningful] vote in both Houses of Parliament, before it comes into force." As a result, on 13 July 2017, David Davis, the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, introduced the bill in the Commons, including the clause 9 statement:
 * 9   Implementing the withdrawal agreement
 * (1)   A Minister of the Crown may by regulations make such provision as the Minister considers appropriate for the purposes of implementing the withdrawal agreement if the Minister considers that such provision should be in force on or before exit day.

In December 2017 pressure grew on the government to amend clause 9 so that parliament would have approval of the final terms of the withdrawal deal between the UK and the EU prior to 29 March 2019, the date set for the UK's departure from the EU. Dominic Grieve MP (Con) advised the government to amend the clause themselves or he would table his own amendment to the bill. After much internal debate the bill returned to the Commons on 20 June 2018. Further concessions offered by the government meant that the government won by 319 votes to 303 - a majority of 16. Grieve saying, "We’ve managed to reach a compromise without breaking the government – and I think some people don’t realise we were getting quite close to that. I completely respect the view of my colleagues who disagree, but if we can compromise we can achieve more."


 * Conservatives : Letter from hard Brexiteers to the Prime Minister

A letter from the European Research Group to the Prime Minister was sent on 16 February 2018 urging her to stick to the principles outlined in her Lancaster House speech.

• Lucy Allan

• David Amess

• Richard Bacon

• Kemi Badenoch

• Henry Bellingham

• Bob Blackman

• Peter Bone

• Andrew Bridgen

• Bill Cash

• Simon Clarke

• Colin Clark

• David Davies

• Philip Davies

• Leo Docherty

• Nadine Dorries

• Richard Drax

• Iain Duncan Smith

• James Duddridge

• Charlie Elphicke

• Nigel Evans

• Mark Francois

• Marcus Fysh

• James Gray

• Chris Green

• John Hayes

• Gordon Henderson

• Philip Hollobone

• Adam Holloway

• Eddie Hughes

• Alister Jack

• Bernard Jenkin

• Andrea Jenkyns

• David Jones

• Daniel Kawczynski

• Stephen Kerr

• Pauline Latham

• Andrew Lewer

• Julian Lewis

• Julia Lopez

• Jack Lopresti

• Tim Loughton

• Craig Mackinlay

• Rachel Maclean

• Nigel Mills

• Anne Marie Morris

• Matthew Offord

• Priti Patel

• Owen Paterson

• John Penrose

• John Redwood

• Andrew Rosindell

• Jacob Rees-Mogg

• Lee Rowley

• Henry Smith

• Bob Stewart

• Desmond Swayne

• Derek Thomas

• Michael Tomlinson

• Anne-Marie Trevelyan

• Martin Vickers

• Bill Wiggin

• William Wragg

The government's white paper, The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union (known informally as the "Chequers plan"), was published on 12 July 2018. It lays out the sort of relationship the UK wants with the EU after Brexit. The plan is split into four main areas:
 * Conservatives : The Chequers plan
 * Economic partnership
 * The establishment of a free trade area to replace Customs Union and solve the Irish border question.


 * Security
 * Cooperation
 * Institutional arrangements

The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Brexit Secretary), David Davis resigned over the paper, as did his Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Steve Baker and the Foreign Secretary, Boris Johnson. Dominic Raab replaced Davis as Brexit Secretary. The resignations renewed speculation about a possible vote of no confidence precipitating a leadership contest. The 1922 Committee would need to receive letters from 48 Conservative MPs (15% of Conservative MPs) backing the confidence motion.

On 11 September 2018 it was announced that Mark Carney would be kept on as Governor of the Bank of England until the end of January 2020. Two months later he forecast that "unemployment would rise to 7.5%, house prices fall by 30% and commercial property prices collapse by 48%" in the event of a 'no deal' Brexit. Rees-Mogg subsequently referred to Carney as "a second-tier Canadian politician. Having failed in Canadian politics, he’s got a job in the U.K., which he isn’t doing well."

On the 11 September 2018 Rees-Mogg backed a document by Economists for Free Trade, A World Trade Deal: The Complete Guide which describes a plan for a "clean break" from the EU, with the UK defaulting to World Trade Organization (WTO) rules when it leaves the EU as an alternative to the Chequers plan. The next day members of the European Research Group led by Jacob Rees-Mogg published The Border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland post-Brexit again as an alternative to the Chequers plan with no new physical infrastructure at the border. The DUP, who May relies on in the Commons, backed the alternative plan. Johnson has also said, "I see that in Brussels they’re now discussing actively some of the technical ways of dealing with this that I think will allow for a breakthrough, allow us to do a proper free trade deal, allow us properly to take back control of our regulatory framework, but also to do a proper Brexit. Unless we do that... much of the point of Brexit is nullified."
 * Conservatives : Alternative to the Chequers plan

On 25 September 2018 the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) backed by Rees-Mogg and Davis published Plan A+: Creating a Prosperous Post-Brexit UK which suggests a Canada-style free trade agreement with the EU. The plans include rolling back key parts of the EU's revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) a 'SuperCanada' Brexit deal is also supported by Johnson.

Johnson also writes a weekly column for The Telegraph which is openly critical of May and the Chequers plan.

Labour

 * Labour : Momentum

Jeremy Corbyn is considered of weak leader in terms of the number of MPs who support him but strong in terms of the party membership (see Momentum).

On 25 June 2016, The Observer revealed that Hilary Benn MP "called fellow MPs over the weekend to suggest that he will ask Corbyn to stand down if there is significant support for a move against the leader. He has also asked shadow cabinet colleagues to join him in resigning if the Labour leader ignores that request." During a phone call in the early hours of 26 June, Benn told Corbyn that Labour MPs and shadow cabinet members had "no confidence in our ability to win the election" under his leadership. Corbyn then dismissed Benn from his position as Shadow Foreign Secretary. In a statement issued at 03:30, Benn said: "It has now become clear that there is widespread concern among Labour MPs and in the shadow cabinet about Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of our party. In particular, there is no confidence in our ability to win the next election, which may come much sooner than expected, if Jeremy continues as leader." It precipitated the resignations of 20 members of the Shadow Cabinet over 26 and 27 June.

On 28 June Corbyn lost a vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172 to 40. This in turn prompted a Labour Party leadership election in which only 18 out of the current 316 MPs endorsed him (see Appendix 1).


 * Labour : Party splits over Brexit pre-general election

The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 was passed in parliament enabling May to trigger Article 50, 47 Labour MPs rebelled against Corbyn and voted against the bill. Two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill and two shadow cabinet ministers, Tulip Siddiq and Jo Stevens, resigned in protest.

Noes (47)
 * Heidi Alexander, Lewisham East
 * Rushanara Ali, Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Graham Allen, Nottingham North
 * Rosena Allin-Khan, Tooting
 * Luciana Berger, Liverpool Riverside
 * Ben Bradshaw, Exeter
 * Kevin Brennan, Cardiff West
 * Lyn Brown, West Ham
 * Chris Bryant, Rhondda
 * Karen Buck, Westminster North
 * Dawn Butler, Brent Central
 * Ruth Cadbury, Brentford and Isleworth
 * Ann Clwyd, Cynon Valley
 * Ann Coffey, Stockport
 * Neil Coyle, Bermondsey and Old Southwark
 * Mary Creagh, Wakefield
 * Stella Creasy, Walthamstow
 * Thangam Debbonaire, Bristol West
 * Stephen Doughty, Cardiff South and Penarth
 * Peter Dowd, Bootle
 * Maria Eagle, Garston and Halewood
 * Louise Ellman, Liverpool Riverside
 * Paul Farrelly, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Vicky Foxcroft, Lewisham Deptford
 * Mike Gapes, Ilford South
 * Lilian Greenwood, Nottingham South
 * Helen Hayes, Dulwich and West Norwood
 * Meg Hillier, Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Rupa Huq, Ealing Central and Acton
 * Peter Kyle, Hove
 * David Lammy, Tottenham
 * Rachael Maskell, York Central
 * Kerry McCarthy, Bristol East
 * Catherine McKinnell, Newcastle upon Tyne North
 * Madeleine Moon, Bridgend
 * Ian Murray, Edinburgh South
 * Stephen Pound, Ealing North
 * Virendra Sharma, Ealing Southall
 * Tulip Siddiq, Hampstead and Kilburn
 * Andy Slaughter, Hammersmith
 * Jeff Smith, Manchester Withington
 * Owen Smith, Pontypridd
 * Jo Stevens, Cardiff Central
 * Stephen Timms, East Ham
 * Catherine West, Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Alan Whitehead, Southampton Test
 * Daniel Zeichner, Cambridge

Ayes (167)


 * Debbie Abrahams, Oldham East and Saddleworth
 * David Anderson, Blaydon
 * Jon Ashworth, Leicester South
 * Ian Austin, Dudley North
 * Adrian Bailey, West Bromwich West
 * Kevin Barron, Rother Valley
 * Margaret Beckett, Derby South
 * Hilary Benn, Leeds Central
 * Clive Betts, Sheffield South East
 * Tom Blenkinsop, Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland
 * Paul Blomfield, Sheffield Central
 * Tracy Brabin, Batley and Spen
 * Nick Brown, Newcastle-upon-Tyne East and Wallsend
 * Richard Burden, Birmingham Northfield
 * Richard Burgon, Leeds East
 * Andy Burnham, Leigh
 * Liam Byrne, Birmingham Hodge Hill
 * Alan Campbell, Tynemouth
 * Ronnie Campbell, Blyth Valley
 * Sarah Champion, Rotherham
 * Jenny Chapman, Darlington
 * Vernon Coaker, Gedling
 * Julie Cooper, Burnley
 * Rosie Cooper, West Lancashire
 * Yvette Cooper, Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford
 * Jeremy Corbyn, Islington North
 * David Crausby, Bolton North East
 * Jon Cruddas, Dagenham and Rainham
 * John Cryer, Leyton and Wanstead
 * Judith Cummins, Bradford South
 * Alex Cunningham, Stockton North
 * Jim Cunningham, Coventry South
 * Nic Dakin, Scunthorpe
 * Wayne David, Caerphilly
 * Gloria De Piero, Ashfield
 * Peter Dowd, Bootle
 * Jack Dromey, Birmingham Erdington
 * Michael Dugher, Barnsley East
 * Angela Eagle, Wallasey
 * Clive Efford, Eltham
 * Julie Elliott, Sunderland Central
 * Chris Elmore, Ogmore
 * Bill Esterson, Sefton Central
 * Chris Evans, Islwyn
 * Frank Field, Birkenhead
 * Jim Fitzpatrick Poplar and Limehouse
 * Rob Flello Stoke-on-Trent South
 * Colleen Fletcher, Coventry North East
 * Caroline Flint, Don Valley
 * Paul Flynn, Newport West
 * Yvonne Fovargue, Makerfield
 * Gill Furniss, Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough
 * Barry Gardiner, Brent North
 * Mary Glindon, North Tyneside
 * Helen Goodman, Bishop Auckland
 * Margaret Greenwood, Wirral West
 * Nia Griffith, Llanelli
 * Andrew Gwynne, Denton and Reddish
 * Louise Haigh, Sheffield Heeley
 * Fabian Hamilton, Leeds North East
 * David Hanson, Delyn
 * Harriet Harman, Camberwell and Peckham
 * Carolyn Harris, Swansea East
 * Sue Hayman, Workington
 * John Healey, Wentworth and Dearne
 * Mark Hendrick, Preston
 * Stephen Hepburn, Jarrow
 * Sharon Hodgson, Washington and Sunderland West
 * Kate Hoey, Vauxhall
 * Kate Hollern, Blackburn
 * Kelvin Hopkins, Luton North
 * Imran Hussain, Bradford East
 * Dan Jarvis, Barnsley Central
 * Alan Johnson, Hull West and Hessle
 * Diana Johnson, Hull North
 * Gerald Jones, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
 * Graham Jones, Hyndburn
 * Helen Jones, Warrington North
 * Kevan Jones, North Durham
 * Susan Jones, Clwyd South
 * Mike Kane, Wythenshawe and Sale East
 * Barbara Keeley, Worsley and Eccles South
 * Liz Kendall, Leicester West
 * Stephen Kinnock, Aberavon
 * Ian Lavery, Wansbeck
 * Emma Lewell-Buck, South Shields
 * Clive Lewis, Norwich South
 * Ivan Lewis, Bury South
 * Rebecca Long-Bailey, Salford and Eccles
 * Ian Lucas, Wrexham
 * Holly Lynch, Halifax
 * Fiona Mactaggart, Slough
 * Justin Madders, Ellesmere Port and Neston
 * Khalid Mahmood, Birmingham Perry Barr
 * Shabana Mahmood, Birmingham Ladywood
 * Seema Malhotra, Feltham and Heston
 * John Mann, Bassetlaw
 * Rob Marris, Wolverhampton South West
 * Gordon Marsden, Blackpool South
 * Chris Matheson, City of Chester
 * Steve McCabe, Birmingham Selly Oak
 * Siobhain McDonagh, Mitcham and Morden
 * Andy McDonald, Middlesbrough
 * John McDonnell, Hayes and Harlington
 * Pat McFadden, Wolverhampton South East
 * Conor McGinn, St Helens North
 * Alison McGovern, Wirral South
 * Liz McInnes, Heywood and Middleton
 * Jim McMahon, Oldham West and Royton
 * Alan Meale, Mansfield
 * Ed Miliband, Doncaster North
 * Jessica Morden, Newport East
 * Grahame Morris, Easington
 * Lisa Nandy, Wigan
 * Melanie Onn, Great Grimsby
 * Chi Onwurah, Newcastle upon Tyne Central
 * Kate Osamor, Edmonton
 * Albert Owen, Ynys Môn
 * Teresa Pearce, Erith and Thamesmead
 * Matthew Pennycook, Greenwich and Woolwich
 * Toby Perkins, Chesterfield
 * Jess Phillips, Birmingham Yardley
 * Bridget Phillipson, Houghton and Sunderland South
 * Lucy Powell, Manchester Central
 * Yasmin Qureshi, Bolton South East
 * Angela Rayner, Ashton-under-Lyne
 * Steve Reed, Croydon North
 * Christina Rees, Neath
 * Rachel Reeves, Leeds West
 * Emma Reynolds, Wolverhampton North East
 * Jonathan Reynolds, Stalybridge and Hyde
 * Marie Rimmer, St Helens South and Whiston
 * Geoffrey Robinson, Coventry North West
 * Steve Rotheram, Liverpool Walton
 * Joan Ryan, Enfield North
 * Naz Shah, Bradford West
 * Barry Sheerman, Huddersfield
 * Paula Sherriff, Dewsbury
 * Dennis Skinner, Bolsover
 * Ruth Smeeth, Stoke-on-Trent North
 * Andrew Smith, Oxford East
 * Cat Smith, Lancaster and Fleetwood
 * Nick Smith, Blaenau Gwent
 * Karin Smyth, Bristol South
 * {{ font color | black | palegreen | John Spellar}, Birmingham Northfield
 * Keir Starmer, Holborn and St Pancras
 * Wes Streeting, Ilford North
 * Graham Stringer, Blackley and Broughton
 * Gisela Stuart, Birmingham Edgbaston
 * Mark Tami, Alyn and Deeside
 * Gareth Thomas, Harrow West
 * Nick Thomas-Symonds, Torfaen
 * Emily Thornberry, Islington South and Finsbury
 * Jon Trickett, Hemsworth
 * Anna Turley, Redcar
 * Karl Turner, Kingston upon Hull East
 * Derek Twigg, Halton
 * Stephen Twigg, Liverpool West Derby
 * Chuka Umunna, Streatham
 * Keith Vaz, Leicester East
 * Valerie Vaz, Walsall South
 * Tom Watson, West Bromwich East
 * Phil Wilson, Sedgefield
 * David Winnick, Walsall North
 * Rosie Winterton, Doncaster Central
 * John Woodcock, Barrow and Furness
 * Iain Wright, Hartlepool

Opinion polls showed the Conservatives a long way ahead so May called a general election for 8 June 2017 with the intention of increasing her majority in the Commons for her Brexit negotiations. Instead the Conservatives' working majority of 17 was reduced by 13 seats. This was the closest result between the two major parties since February 1974, and further cemented Corbyn as the party's leader. Labour Party membership increased by 35,000 within four days of the general election.
 * Labour : General election 2017

In March 2017 Shadow Brexit Secretary, Kier Starmer announced the six tests any Brexit deal negotiated by the government must meet if it is going to be supported by Labour.
 * Labour : Alternative to the Chequers plan

On 5 June 2018 Corbyn called for a "new single market" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining "full access" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the "Norway model" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see. Later the same month, in a key Commons vote on the government's propsals 169 Lab MPs observed Corbyn's calls to abstain but 89 MPs rebelled: 75 taking a pro-Remain stance and voting no and 15 taking a pro-Leave stance and voting with the government. As a result, Corbyn sacked three shadow cabinet ministers and a fourth resigned.

Ayes (15)


 * Kevin Barron, Rother Valley
 * Ronnie Campbell, Blyth Valley
 * Rosie Cooper, West Lancashire
 * Frank Field, Birkenhead
 * Jim Fitzpatrick Poplar and Limehouse
 * Caroline Flint, Don Valley
 * Mike Hill, Hartlepool
 * Kate Hoey, Vauxhall
 * Kevan Jones, North Durham
 * John Mann, Bassetlaw
 * Dennis Skinner, Bolsover
 * Laura Smith, Crewe and Nantwich
 * Gareth Snell, Stoke-on-Trent Central
 * John Spellar, Birmingham Northfield
 * Graham Stringer, Blackley and Broughton

Noes (75)


 * Rushanara Ali, Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Tonia Antoniazzi, Gower
 * Hilary Benn, Leeds Central
 * Luciana Berger, Liverpool Riverside
 * Ben Bradshaw, Exeter
 * Chris Bryant, Rhondda
 * Karen Buck, Westminster North
 * Richard Burden, Birmingham Northfield
 * Ruth Cadbury, Brentford and Isleworth
 * Ann Coffey, Stockport
 * Neil Coyle, Bermondsey and Old Southwark
 * Mary Creagh, Wakefield
 * Stella Creasy, Walthamstow
 * Geraint Davies Swansea West
 * Stephen Doughty, Cardiff South and Penarth
 * Rosie Duffield, Canterbury
 * Maria Eagle, Garston and Halewood
 * Julie Elliott, Sunderland Central
 * Louise Ellman, Liverpool Riverside
 * Paul Farrelly, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Mike Gapes, Ilford South
 * Roger Godsiff, Birmingham Hall Green
 * Kate Green, Stretford and Urmston
 * John Grogan, Keighley
 * Helen Hayes, Dulwich and West Norwood
 * Meg Hillier, Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Margaret Hodge, Barking
 * George Howarth, Knowsley
 * Rupa Huq, Ealing Central and Acton
 * Darren Jones, Bristol North West
 * Helen Jones, Warrington North
 * Liz Kendall, Leicester West
 * Gerard Killen, Rutherglen and Hamilton West
 * Stephen Kinnock, Aberavon
 * Peter Kyle, Hove
 * David Lammy, Tottenham
 * Chris Leslie, Nottingham East
 * Seema Malhotra, Feltham and Heston
 * Kerry McCarthy, Bristol East
 * Siobhain McDonagh, Mitcham and Morden
 * Pat McFadden, Wolverhampton South East
 * Conor McGinn, St Helens North
 * Alison McGovern, Wirral South
 * Catherine McKinnell, Newcastle upon Tyne North
 * Anna McMorrin, Cardiff North
 * Madeleine Moon, Bridgend
 * Ian Murray, Edinburgh South
 * Albert Owen, Ynys Môn
 * Jess Phillips, Birmingham Yardley
 * Bridget Phillipson, Houghton and Sunderland South
 * Ellie Reeves, Lewisham West and Penge
 * Rachel Reeves, Leeds West
 * Emma Reynolds, Wolverhampton North East
 * Joan Ryan, Enfield North
 * Virendra Sharma, Ealing Southall
 * Barry Sheerman, Huddersfield
 * Gavin Shuker, Luton South
 * Tulip Siddiq, Hampstead and Kilburn
 * Andy Slaughter, Hammersmith
 * Angela Smith, Penistone and Stocksbridge
 * Owen Smith, Pontypridd
 * Alex Sobel, Leeds North West
 * Jo Stevens, Cardiff Central
 * Wes Streeting, Ilford North
 * Gareth Thomas, Harrow West
 * Stephen Timms, East Ham
 * Anna Turley, Redcar
 * Chuka Umunna, Streatham
 * Catherine West, Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Matthew Western, Warwick and Leamington
 * Martin Whitfield East Lothian
 * Paul Williams, Stockton South
 * Phil Wilson, Sedgefield
 * Daniel Zeichner, Cambridge
 * Susan Jones, Clwyd South - teller

Abstentions (168)


 * Diane Abbott, Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Debbie Abrahams, Oldham East and Saddleworth
 * Rosena Allin-Khan, Tooting
 * Mike Amesbury, Weaver Vale
 * Jon Ashworth, Leicester South
 * Ian Austin, Dudley North
 * Adrian Bailey, West Bromwich West
 * Margaret Beckett, Derby South
 * Clive Betts, Sheffield South East
 * Roberta Blackman-Woods, City of Durham
 * Paul Blomfield, Sheffield Central
 * Tracy Brabin, Batley and Spen
 * Kevin Brennan, Cardiff West
 * Lyn Brown, West Ham
 * Nick Brown, Newcastle-upon-Tyne East and Wallsend
 * Richard Burgon, Leeds East
 * Dawn Butler, Brent Central
 * Liam Byrne, Birmingham Hodge Hill
 * Alan Campbell, Tynemouth
 * Dan Carden, Liverpool Walton
 * Sarah Champion, Rotherham
 * Jenny Chapman, Darlington
 * Bambos Charalambous, Enfield Southgate
 * Ann Clwyd, Cynon Valley
 * Vernon Coaker, Gedling
 * Julie Cooper, Burnley
 * Yvette Cooper, Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford
 * Jeremy Corbyn, Islington North
 * David Crausby, Bolton North East
 * Jon Cruddas, Dagenham and Rainham
 * John Cryer, Leyton and Wanstead
 * Judith Cummins, Bradford South
 * Alex Cunningham, Stockton North
 * Jim Cunningham, Coventry South
 * Janet Daby, Lewisham East
 * Nic Dakin, Scunthorpe
 * Wayne David, Caerphilly
 * Marsha de Cordova, Battersea
 * Gloria De Piero, Ashfield
 * Thangam Debbonaire, Bristol West
 * Emma Dent Coad, Kensington
 * Tanmanjeet Singh Dhesi, Slough
 * Anneliese Dodds, Oxford East
 * Peter Dowd, Bootle
 * David Drew, Stroud
 * Jack Dromey, Birmingham Erdington
 * Angela Eagle, Wallasey
 * Clive Efford, Eltham
 * Chris Elmore, Ogmore
 * Esterson, Sefton Central
 * Chris Evans, Islwyn
 * Colleen Fletcher, Coventry North East
 * Paul Flynn, Newport West
 * Yvonne Fovargue, Makerfield
 * Vicky Foxcroft, Lewisham Deptford
 * James Frith, Bury North
 * Gill Furniss, Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough
 * Hugh Gaffney, Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill
 * Barry Gardiner, Brent North
 * Ruth George, High Peak
 * Preet Gill, Birmingham Edgbaston
 * Mary Glindon, North Tyneside
 * Helen Goodman, Bishop Auckland
 * Lilian Greenwood, Nottingham South
 * Margaret Greenwood, Wirral West
 * Nia Griffith, Llanelli
 * Andrew Gwynne, Denton and Reddish
 * Louise Haigh, Sheffield Heeley
 * Fabian Hamilton, Leeds North East
 * David Hanson, Delyn
 * Emma Hardy, Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
 * Harriet Harman, Camberwell and Peckham
 * Carolyn Harris, Swansea East
 * Sue Hayman, Workington
 * John Healey, Wentworth and Dearne
 * Mark Hendrick, Preston
 * Stephen Hepburn, Jarrow
 * Sharon Hodgson, Washington and Sunderland West
 * Kate Hollern, Blackburn
 * Imran Hussain, Bradford East
 * Dan Jarvis, Barnsley Central
 * Diana Johnson, Hull North
 * Gerald Jones, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
 * Graham Jones, Hyndburn
 * Sarah Jones, Croydon Central
 * Mike Kane, Wythenshawe and Sale East
 * Barbara Keeley, Worsley and Eccles South
 * Afzal Khan, Manchester Gorton
 * Lesley Laird, Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
 * Ian Lavery, Wansbeck
 * Karen Lee, Lincoln
 * Emma Lewell-Buck, South Shields
 * Clive Lewis, Norwich South
 * Tony Lloyd, Rochdale
 * Rebecca Long-Bailey, Salford and Eccles
 * Ian Lucas, Wrexham
 * Holly Lynch, Halifax
 * Justin Madders, Ellesmere Port and Neston
 * Khalid Mahmood, Birmingham Perry Barr
 * Shabana Mahmood, Birmingham Ladywood
 * Gordon Marsden, Blackpool South
 * Sandy Martin, Ipswich
 * Rachael Maskell, York Central
 * Chris Matheson, City of Chester
 * Steve McCabe, Birmingham Selly Oak
 * Andy McDonald, Middlesbrough
 * John McDonnell, Hayes and Harlington
 * Liz McInnes, Heywood and Middleton
 * Jim McMahon, Oldham West and Royton
 * Ian Mearns, Gateshead
 * Ed Miliband, Doncaster North
 * Jessica Morden, Newport East
 * Stephen Morgan, Portsmouth South
 * Grahame Morris, Easington
 * Lisa Nandy, Wigan
 * Alex Norris, Nottingham North
 * Fiona Onasanya, Peterborough
 * Melanie Onn, Great Grimsby
 * Chi Onwurah, Newcastle upon Tyne Central
 * Kate Osamor, Edmonton
 * Stephanie Peacock, Barnsley East
 * Teresa Pearce, Erith and Thamesmead
 * Matthew Pennycook, Greenwich and Woolwich
 * Toby Perkins, Chesterfield
 * Laura Pidcock, North West Durham
 * Jo Platt, Leigh
 * Luke Pollard, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport
 * Stephen Pound, Ealing North
 * Lucy Powell, Manchester Central
 * Yasmin Qureshi, Bolton South East
 * Faisal Rashid, Warrington South
 * Angela Rayner, Ashton-under-Lyne
 * Steve Reed, Croydon North
 * Christina Rees, Neath
 * Jonathan Reynolds, Stalybridge and Hyde
 * Marie Rimmer, St Helens South and Whiston
 * Geoffrey Robinson, Coventry North West
 * Matt Rodda, Reading East
 * Danielle Rowley, Midlothian
 * Chris Ruane, Vale of Clwyd
 * Lloyd Russell-Moyle, Brighton Kemptown
 * Naz Shah, Bradford West
 * Paula Sherriff, Dewsbury
 * Ruth Smeeth, Stoke-on-Trent North
 * Cat Smith, Lancaster and Fleetwood
 * Eleanor Smith, Wolverhampton South West
 * Jeff Smith, Manchester Withington
 * Nick Smith, Blaenau Gwent
 * Karin Smyth, Bristol South
 * Keir Starmer, Holborn and St Pancras
 * Paul Sweeney, Glasgow North East
 * Mark Tami, Alyn and Deeside
 * Nick Thomas-Symonds, Torfaen
 * Emily Thornberry, Islington South and Finsbury
 * Jon Trickett, Hemsworth
 * Karl Turner, Kingston upon Hull East
 * Derek Twigg, Halton
 * Stephen Twigg, Liverpool West Derby
 * Liz Twist, Blaydon
 * Keith Vaz, Leicester East
 * Valerie Vaz, Walsall South
 * Thelma Walker, Colne Valley
 * Tom Watson, West Bromwich East
 * Alan Whitehead, Southampton Test
 * Chris Williamson, Derby North
 * Rosie Winterton, Doncaster Central
 * Mohammad Yasin, Bedford

On 14 September 2018 Emily Thornberry announced that Labour would vote against the government's Chequers plan.


 * Labour : Party splits over antisemitism

The party has also been embroiled in allegations of antisemitism. On 30 August 2018, Frank Field resigned the Labour whip over "excuses for the party's toleration of antisemitism". On 16 September 2018 an antisemitism rally was held in Manchester which was critical of Labour. Speakers included Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis and Margaret Hodge Lab MP.

The scheme which allows people to become members for £3 (see Appendix 1), has been blamed for a branches becoming 'swamped' by new members who seed to deselect long-standing Labour MPs and councillors and replace them with Momentum members. MPs Chris Leslie, Joan Ryan and Gavin Shuker faced "no confidence" votes in their local branches. It prompted Chuka Umunna to write a letter to party branches in which he said, "It seems there are two issues which are fuelling this speculation of a split in the Labour Party – Brexit and antisemitism in the Labour Party." and in a speech accusing Corbyn of driving centre-left MPs like himself out of the party he told Corbyn to "call off the dogs". Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell branded the comments "grossly offensive", saying "our party members are not dogs".
 * Labour : Party splits over Momentum


 * Labour : Party splits over a second referendum

The day before Labour's September 2018 conference the party released a document stating that May's Chequers plan had failed their six conditional tests for the party's support.

The conference voted in favour of a two-page motion stating that "If we cannot get a general election Labour must support all options remaining on the table, including campaigning for a public vote". However, there was disagreement within the party over what "a public vote" means McDonnell saying that Labour "respected" the June 2016 referendum result, and so any second referendum would not be another vote on whether the UK should leave the EU or not, but on the terms of any deal negotiated by the Government, whereas Ben Bradshaw MP stated "of course the option of staying in [the EU] would have to be on the ballot paper". In his conference speech Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary announced that, in the event of a second referendum, "nobody [in Labour ] is ruling out remain as an option".''

Sinn Féin
Sinn Féin MPs does not recognize the authority of the UK Parliament and consequently its 7 MPs (Mickey Brady, Michelle Gildernew, Chris Hazzard, Paul Maskey, Elisha McCallion, Barry McElduff and Francie Molloy) abstain from taking their seats and voting in the Commons. However, there have been calls for them to end their abstentionism to prevent a hard-border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The calls were strong enough for Maskey to write an article for The Guardian explaining why he would not go to Westminster.

Centrist, pro-European party
Since the referendum rumours of a new centrist party opposed to Brexit being formed have circulated around Westminster. In September 2018 the Business Insider reported that "Moderate Conservative and Labour MPs have been in talks about splitting from their party whips "in the next six months" and forming a new centrist bloc in Parliament centred around the Liberal Democrats."

In a podcast on 7 September 2018 Tony Blair (Labour Prime Minister 1997–2007) said "I don’t think the British people will tolerate a situation where, for example, the choice at the next election is Boris Johnson versus Jeremy Corbyn, I just don’t believe people will find that, in the country as a whole, an acceptable choice. I don't know what will happen and I don't know how it will happen. But I just don't believe people will find that, in the country as a whole, an acceptable choice. Something will fill that vacuum."

Con MP Anna Soubry suggested that the country needs a "national unity government", fellow Tory Nicholas Soames MP agrees, "I must say if I had my way we would have a national government to deal with this. It is the most serious problem this country has faced since the war."

Some of potential new parties mentioned by the media include: In June 2018 George Eaton of the New Statesman reported that People's Vote campaigner, Labour's Chuka Umunna "is said to have suggested the creation of a new party named "Back Together."" Eaton reports that "one of those present told me. "He [Umunna] said that Chris Leslie [another Labour MP] was writing him some strategy memos, that they have the working title of a new party – Back Together – and that Brexit is a moment when traditional politics gets blown up, a bit like [with] the Social Democratic Party (SDP)." Businessman Julian Dunkerton donated £1m to the People's Vote.  Other possible names for the new party included "Start Again", "Regain" and "The Democrats". Umunna dismissed the story in a letter to branch members describing it as "ludicrous nonsense".
 * Labour split / "Back Together" / "Start Again" / "Regain" / "The Democrats"

Former LD leader Tim Farron said, "let some of these people in the Labour Party and the Tory party grow a flipping backbone and leave. And we should work with them. Let them form their own party, we will work with them, and we’ll try and do it together." whilst the current leader Vince Cable said, "he has held informal talks with six Tory MPs and 12 Labour MPs about creating a new centre-left party with rumoured names including Umunna, Leslie and Con Soubry.

Corbyn supporters were sufficiently concerned that they responded publically. Writing in the left-wing publication Morning Star, Richard Burgon MP, stated that, "A new party would be a desperate attempt to stop a radical Labour government. That would be its sole aim." The pro-Corbyn journalist Owen Jones wrote, "If not [a new party], a parliamentary faction claiming "Country before party" could emerge between certain Labour and Tory MPs, in a pact with the Lib Dems." Simultaneously "it may well be the last great hope of the Tory right – and the biggest single threat to a socialist government assuming office." Discussing Labour's loss to the Conservatives in his own Hayes and Harlington constituency in 1983, John McDonnell MP warned would-be splitters that they risked a Tory victory if they left the party for a new entity.

In the summer of 2017 the journalist James Chapman began tweeting his proposals for a new party, 'The Democrats'.

Pro-EU United for Change was founded in August 2018 but reportedly been in the process of development for at least a year. The movement gained notice from its fundraising through large donations from philanthropists and donors.
 * United for Change

In late August, co-founder of the movement Adam Knight left to set up his own political organisation. He later voiced his support for the Liberal Democrats.

Renew was created for the 2017 general election after securing funding from individuals, including property developer Richard Breen. It officially launched in February 2018. At the 1 May 2018 the party had two Borough Councillors, James Cousins at Wandsworth London Borough Council, who defected to the party in March 2018, and John Ferrett at Portsmouth City Council and one Parish Councillor, Judi Sutherland at Barnard Castle Town Council, all three were defections. However Cousins lost his seat in the 2018 local elections and Ferrett now sits as a Non Aligned Independent Councillor.
 * Renew

On the evening of 17 October 2017 The Economist's journalist Jeremy Cliffe asked on Twitter if anyone wanted to join a new pro-EU political movement he called 'The Radicals'. His manifesto included reversing Brexit, abolishing VAT and the House of Lords, and moving the capital from London to Manchester. At lunchtime the following day (15 hours after his initial post) Cliffe posted that he was resigning from leadership of The Radicals and acknowledged that "taking this forward would not be compatible with my job as Berlin Bureau Chief for The Economist".
 * The Radicals

Pro-Brexit party
On 23 September 2018 former Conservative donor Jeremy Hosking was reported by The Sunday Telegraph as funding a new breakaway Brexit party.

Possible EU positions in the event of the creation of a new pro-EU centrist party
The two groups which favour Brexit give a combined total of 315 MPs (253 + 62). The two groups which favour Remain give a combined total of 153 MPs (78 + 75).

If Labour's 'options open' position is added to the two groups which favour Brexit it gives a combined total of 493 (315 + 178) MPs, with the two groups which favour Remain having 153.

If Labour's 'options open' position is added to the two groups which favour Remain it gives a combined total of 331 (153 + 178) MPs, with the two groups which favour Brexit having 315.

There is also the possibility of other voting combinations e.g. Labour's 178 'options open' position combining with the smaller party's 78 pro-Remainers, the 75 new centrist party, and the government's 62 hard Brexiteers (178 + 78 + 75 + government's 62, a total of 393) versus the government's 253 Leave voters. This could happen if Labour, the smaller parties, and the new centrist party think the government's position is going too far whilst the hard Brexiteers think the government's position does not go far enough.

WP:CRYSTAL
In July 2018 the BBC printed the following four Brexit outcomes:
 * Leave with a deal
 * Leave without a deal
 * Stay in the EU
 * Hold another referendum

An updated version was published by Bloomberg News in November 2018.


 * Parliament vote
 * Deal
 * Orderly Brexit
 * No deal
 * Chaotic exit
 * General election
 * Second referendum
 * Second referendum

Leave with a deal
Based on:
 * 1) the Chequers plan being agreed by the EU
 * 2) then the Chequers plan being put to the Commons with:
 * No rebellion by Con MPs
 * All 62 hard Brexiteers voting in favour of the Chequers plan
 * All 15 pro-Remain MPs voting in favour of the Chequers plan
 * 253 Lab voting against the Chequers plan
 * 3 Lab hard Brexiteers voting in favour of the Chequers plan
 * 11 LD voting against the Chequers plan
 * 1 LD (Stephen Lloyd MP) voting in favour of the Chequers plan
 * 10 DUP voting against the Chequers plan
 * 1 Ind (Frank Field MP) voting in favour of the Chequers plan
 * Continued non-attendance of SF
 * Other - 1 Speaker and 3 Deputy Speakers (non-voting)

Leave without a deal
Based on:


 * 1) there being no-deal with the EU
 * 2) then no-deal with the EU  being put to the Commons and:
 * Rebellion by Pro-Remain Con MPs
 * All 62 hard Brexiteers voting in favour of no-deal
 * All 15 pro-Remain MPs voting against no-deal
 * 253 Lab voting against no-deal
 * 3 Lab hard Brexiteers voting in favour of no-deal
 * 10 DUP voting in favour of no-deal
 * 12 LD voting against the no-deal
 * 1 Ind (Frank Field MP) voting in favour of no-deal
 * Continued non-attendance of SF
 * Other - 1 Speaker and 3 Deputy Speakers (non-voting)

Stay in the EU
Remaining in the EU without going back to the electorate is probably the least likely of the four scenarios but it is technically possible.

Hold another referendum
A second referendum would be possible if the EU agreed to extend the Article 50 deadline.

In February 2018 The Guardian reported that "former prime minister John Major said MPs should be given a free vote [in the Commons] on the final Brexit deal, implying that calling a second referendum or rejecting Brexit outright should both be options.... But Major made it clear that he personally did not favour a second referendum; he wants parliament to take the final decision."

On 10 September 2018 in a speech to the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Frances O'Grady, General Secretary of the TUC announced the TUC's support for a second referendum.

On 25 September 2018 Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary speaking at the Labour Party Conference announced that "nobody [in Labour ] is ruling out remain as an option [on the ballot paper]" in the event of a second referendum.

News digest

 * For today's front pages in the UK see bbc.co.uk/papers


 * Saturday, 1 September 2018
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 * Sunday, 2 September 2018
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 * Tuesday, 4 September 2018
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 * See also:
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 * Wednesday, 5 September 2018
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 * Thursday, 5 September 2018


 * Friday, 7 September 2018
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 * Saturday, 8 September 2018


 * Sunday, 9 September 2018
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 * Monday, 10 September 2018


 * Tuesday, 11 September 2018
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 * Wednesday, 12 September 2018


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 * Wednesday, 19 September 2018
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 * Thursday, 20 September 2018
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 * Saturday, 22 September 2018
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 * Sunday, 23 September 2018
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 * Monday, 24 September 2018
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 * Tuesday, 25 September 2018
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 * Friday, 28 September 2018
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 * Sunday, 30 September 2018
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 * Monday, 1 October 2018
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 * Tuesday, 2 October 2018
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 * Wednesday, 3 October 2018
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 * Thursday, 4 October 2018
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 * Friday, 5 October 2018
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 * Saturday, 6 October 2018
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 * Sunday, 7 October 2018
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 * Monday, 8 October 2018
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 * Tuesday, 9 October 2018
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 * Wednesday, 10 October 2018
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 * Thursday, 11 October 2018
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 * Friday, 12 October 2018
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 * Saturday, 13 October 2018
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 * Sunday, 14 October 2018
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 * Monday, 15 October 2018
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 * Tuesday, 16 October 2018
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 * Wednesday, 17 October 2018
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 * Thursday, 18 October 2018
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 * Friday, 19 October 2018
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 * Saturday, 20 October 2018
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 * Sunday, 21 October 2018
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 * Monday, 22 October 2018
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 * Tuesday, 23 October 2018
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 * Wednesday, 24 October 2018
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 * Thursday, 25 October 2018
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 * Friday, 25 October 2018 – Sunday, 28 October 2018
 * Low coverage of Brexit.


 * Tuesday, 30 October 2018
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 * Wednesday, 31 October 2018
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 * Thursday, 1 November 2018
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 * Friday, 2 November 2018
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 * Saturday, 3 November 2018
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 * Sunday, 4 November 2018
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 * Monday, 5 November 2018
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 * Tuesday, 6 November 2018
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 * See also:
 * Pdf.


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 * Wednesday, 7 November 2018
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 * Thursday, 8 November 2018
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 * Friday, 9 November 2018
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 * Saturday, 10 November 2018
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 * Sunday, 11 November 2018
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 * Monday, 12 November 2018
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 * Tuesday, 13 November 2018
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 * Wednesday, 14 November 2018
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 * Thursday, 15 November 2018
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 * Friday, 16 November 2018
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 * Saturday, 17 November 2018
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 * Sunday, 18 November 2018
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 * Monday, 19 November 2018
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 * Tuesday, 20 November 2018
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 * Wednesday, 21 November 2018
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 * Thursday, 22 November 2018
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 * Saturday, 24 November 2018
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 * Monday, 26 November 2018
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 * Tuesday, 27 November 2018
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 * Wednesday, 28 November 2018
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 * Friday, 30 November 2018
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 * Monday, 3 December 2018
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 * Tuesday, 4 December 2018
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 * Thursday, 6 December 2018
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 * Friday, 7 December 2018
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 * Tuesday, 11 December 2018
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 * Wednesday, 12 December 2018
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 * Thursday, 13 December 2018
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 * Friday, 14 December 2018
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 * Saturday, 15 December 2018
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WP:CRYSTAL vs WP:CRYSTAL
I don't believe that articles should be put up for deletion on the grounds of WP:CRYSTAL vs WP:CRYSTAL as happened here:
 * WP:Articles for deletion/European Parliament election, 2019 (United Kingdom)

Quasi-canvassing via non-notification
There may be quasi-canvassing issues via non-notification of editors over AfDs and PRODs. See the following:
 * WP:Articles for deletion/European Parliament election, 2019 (United Kingdom)
 * WP:Articles for deletion/Britain for Europe
 * Related ANI

The tone of the debate: negativity and assumptions

 * Suck it up, snowflakes, we're leaving the EU. WP:Articles for deletion/Proposed second United Kingdom European Union membership / final deal referendum
 * We American Wikipedians sometimes have to push back against systematic creep coming in from Europe. WP:Village pump (policy)/Archive 147
 * The date is now set by law, so we can start working to mark which articles will need to be changed thereafter. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject European Union

Positive and negative biased connotations
Putting a positive connotation (and therefore correct) on one side of the debate and a negative connotation (and therefore wrong) the other:

This also applies to biographies of living persons and comments about two (or more) people in the same article:

Appendix 1

 * 14 August – 12 September 2015
 * The Labour leadership election, triggered by Ed Miliband's resignation, took place under the reformed rules adopted from the proposals of the February 2014 Collins Report, which was led by Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury.


 * The review changed the way in which Labour elects leaders. Under the former system, a three-way electoral college chose the leader:
 * with one-third weight given to the votes of the Parliamentary Labour Party (i.e., Labour members of the House of Commons and Labour members of the European Parliament),
 * one-third to individual Labour Party members, and
 * one third to the trade union and affiliated societies sections.


 * Following the Collins review, the electoral college was replaced by
 * a pure "one member, one vote" (OMOV) system.
 * Candidates are elected by members and registered and affiliated supporters, who all receive a maximum of one vote and all votes are weighted equally. This meant that, for example, members of Labour-affiliated trade unions needed to register as Labour supporters to vote.


 * The party also offered £3 memberships and all members - including those who had joined after the 2015 leadership election was called - had a vote in the contest. This led to an upsurge of new members (from 190,000 in May 2015 to 515,000 in July 2016, an influx of 325,000) joining specifically to see left-wing candidate Jeremy Corbyn elected.


 *  Result of the Labour Party leadership election, 2015 
 * Corbyn was elected in a landslide in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes, winning in all three sections of the ballot.

Turnout for the vote was 422,871 (76.3%) of the 554,272 eligible voters, with 207 spoilt ballots. 343,995 votes (81.3%) were cast online, the UK's largest online ballot.


 *  Endorsements in the Labour Party leadership election, 2016 
 * Owen Smith was endorsed by 107 Labour politicians
 * Angela Eagle was endorsed by 44 Labour politicians, 16 of whom switched to Smith after Eagle withdrew
 * Jeremy Corbyn was endorsed by 18 Labour politicians

Turnout was 77.6%.
 *  Result of the Labour Party leadership election, 2016