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Wilopo (21 October 1909 – 1 June 1981) was an Indonesian politician and lawyer. A capable administrator, he served as prime minister of Indonesia from 1952 to 1953. He also held various other positions during his career, including as Minister of Labor, Minister of Economic Affairs, speaker of the Constitutional Assembly, and chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council.

Born into a Muslim family in Purworejo, Wilopo attended the Rechts Hogeschool in Batavia (now Jakarta). During his studies, he was involved in various educational and nationalist groups, becoming active in the Indonesian nationalist movement. After graduating in 1939, Wilopo worked as a lawyer and was involved in several Japanese-sponsored organizations during the their occupation period (1942–1945). Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, Wilopo joined the newly formed Republican government, later becoming a member of the Central Indonesian National Committee. During the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949), he joined the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and served as Junior Minister of Labor in the Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet. Within an independent Indonesia, he was appointed Minister of Labor in the Republic of the United States of Indonesia Cabinet (1949–1950) and Minister of Economic Affairs in the Soekiman Cabinet (1951–1952).

Following the fall of the Soekiman Cabinet in 1952, Wilopo became prime minister by forming a coalition government with the Masyumi Party and several minor political parties, creating the Wilopo Cabinet. As prime minister, he lifted martial law in most of the country, released political prisoners, introduced various measures to balance the budget, and passed an election bill in parliament. During his tenure, the country experienced several important political developments, including the increasingly large divide between the PNI and Masyumi, the secession of the Nahdlatul Ulama from the Masyumi, and the re-entry of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) to the political scene. Meanwhile, his cabinet was discredited by the collapse of its demobilization scheme following the 17 October affair. In 1953, opposition to the government's agrarian reform plan led to the deaths of several peasants in the Tanjung Morawa affair. Public outrage and pressure from the PNI and PKI resulted in his resignation.

After the end of his premiership, Wilopo was elected to the Constitutional Assembly in 1955, later becoming its first and only speaker (1956–1959). However, the assembly failed to draft a constitution and was dissolved in 1959. Thereafter, Wilopo left politics and only returned in 1968, following the emergence of the New Order, when he was appointed chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council (1968–1978), a respected but powerless advisory body. In 1970, Wilopo became chairman of the short-lived Commission of Four which was tasked with investigating the extent of corruption in government. He died in Jakarta in 1981, with his body being interred in Tanah Kusir Cemetery.

Early life
Wilopo was born on 21 October 1909 in Purworejo, the son of a sugar mill employee. He was educated at a Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (a primary school for native Indonesians), then a Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (a lower secondary school), before attending an Algemeene Middelbare School (a general secondary school) in Yogyakarta. After finishing his secondary education in 1930, Wilopo began attending the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (a technical college in Bandung). However, he was unable to complete his studies following an illness. He later taught at a Taman Siswa school before pursuing a law degree from the Rechts Hogeschool (a law school in Batavia) in 1933. Both before and during his studies, Wilopo was active in various educational and nationalist groups. He joined the nationalist Partindo in the early 1930s, becoming vice chairman of a local party branch in Sukabumi. After Partindo's dissolution in 1936, he joined the leftist Gerindo and established a journalistic institute."

After graduating in 1939, Wilopo began working as a lawyer.