User:The man from Gianyar/Sanusi Hardjadinata II

Mohammad Sanusi Hardjadinata (born as Samaun; 24 June 1914 – 12 December 1995) was an Indonesian politician who served as the second chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) from 1975 until 1980. Prior to serving as party chairman, held numerous positions during the presidencies of Sukarno and Suharto, including as governor of West Java, member of the Constitutional Assembly, and cabinet minister in the Djuanda and Ampera cabinets.

Sanusi was born to a well-off aristocratic family in Garut, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Educated at a dutch school, he worked as a teacher at a Muhammadiyah school after graduating. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, he was appointed the vice resident of Priangan, through which he held an instrumental part of running the local government. In April 1948, he was arrested and detained by Dutch authorities for his opposition to the creation of the Dutch-backed State of Pasundan. He was released in July 1948, and he left for Yogyakarta and later Madiun. There, he helped rebuild the city after the failed communist uprising which occurred a few months earlier. In 1949, he was appointed acting Resident of Priangan, and during the transition from a federal state to a unitary one, he served as the Pasundan state's head of education. In 1951, Sanusi was appointed governor of West Java, though his appointment was initially challenged by the provincial assembly. As governor, he helped organize the Bandung Conference and established Padjadjaran University in 1957.

In 1955, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Assembly, and participated in constitutional debates up until the assembly's dissolution in 1959. In April 1957, he was appointed Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Djuanda Kartawidjaja. Following President Sukarno's 1959 Decree, Sanusi was dismissed as minister, and was appointed Indonesia's ambassador to Egypt instead. He returned to Indonesia in 1964, and was appointed rector of Padjadjaran University. Following the transition to the New Order, Sanusi was appointed as a cabinet minister in the Ampera and the Revised Ampera cabinets under president Suharto. In 1975, he was appointed the Chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party, replacing Mohammad Isnaeni. Under his leadership, the party suffered from a number of internal conflicts, and he resigned as chairman in 1980. After his resignation from the party, he became involved with the Petition of Fifty. Sanusi died on 12 December 1995, after suffering from complications in his lungs, kidneys, and liver. His body was interred at the Sirnaraga Public Cemetery in Bandung.

Early life
Mohammad Sanusi Hardjadinata was born on 24 June 1914, in the village of Cinta Manik, Sukaweni, Garut. He came from a relatively well-off ethnically-Sundanese aristocratic family, and was given the name Samaun. His father, Raden Djamhad Wirantadidjaja, was a village head; while his mother, Nyi Mas Taswi, was a female aristocrat. The third child of four children, he was brought to Cibatu, a small town located in the northern part of his home town of Garut, at the age of six.

In Cibatu, Samaun lived with Doctor Raden Yuda, a relative of his fathers, and was enrolled into the Tweede Klasse Inlandsche School, an elementary school which used local language as its language of instruction. During his stay with Yuda, his name was changed from Samaun to Sanusi. Yuda stated to him that his name had to be changed, because it was too similar to the name of Semaun, who was then a relatively well known communist leader.

Later on, Sanusi moved to Tasikmalaya, where he lived with Bik Endeh, Yuda's daughter. However, due to the harassment he received from Bik Endeh he moved to the neighboring house of Bik Mariah. While in Tasikmalaya, he resumed his education at a different Tweede Klasse Inlandsche School. However, he wasn't able finish his education in Tasikmalaya, as he was forced to move back to Cibatu after only finishing his first grade. After returning to Cibatu, he was raised by his older brother, Idris Hardjadinata, and entered the Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS). Somehow, most students in the school mistakenly recognized Idris as his father, and he became known as Sanusi Hardjadinata. After two years in Cibatu, Sanusi moved again to Bandung, where he enrolled at the Hollandsch Inlandsche Kweekschool, graduating in 1936. From there, he became an educator, and began to teaching in a Muhammadiyah school from 1936.

National Revolution


Several days following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, on 1 September 1945, Sanusi was elected by the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) to the office of Vice Resident. During the first few years following the proclamation, the residency was an instrumental part of running the government. As the government system was still largely influenced by the Japanese system, which prioritized the residency as the center of local government. As Vice Resident, Sanusi became very close with State Minister Oto Iskandar di Nata. When Oto was kidnapped by a group called the "Laskar Hitam", Oto sent a letter to his wife, telling her ask Sanusi if she needed any form of assistance. Oto was eventually murdered by the "Laskar Hitam".

During the National revolution, heavy fighting took place in the city of Bandung, which was then set ablaze. As a result, the Provincial Government of West Java evacuated to Garut, with his house being used as the office of the government of Priangan Residency. Around c. 1947, Sanusi was elected the Chair of the Indonesian National Party (PNI) branch in Garut. The government remained in Garut for most of the revolution, with only a short stint in Tasikmalaya, after the signing of the Linggadjati Agreement, which ended after the Dutch launched Operation Product. In Garut, the officials of the government began to be arrested by Dutch forces after refusing to cooperate with the Dutch in establishing the State of Pasundan. This included officials such as Mayor of Bandung, Ukar Bratakusumah, Secretary of the Governor of West Java, Raden Enokh, and the resident of Priangan, Raden Indung Ardiwinangun.

Sanusi continued to live in his village in Garut, but his location was later discovered by Dutch authorities. Sanusi and his family took refuge in the valley located on the east side of the village. This attempt failed, as a few days later, a group of Dutch soldiers came looking to arrest him. He was then brought to Bandung, and was officially arrested on the Tampomas street, with an official letter dated 14 April 1948. Several months later, on 25 July 1948, he was freed from prison on the condition that he must leave West Java and set for Yogyakarta, where the Republican government's capital was at the time. On 28 October 1948, he left Yogyakarta for Madiun. In Madiun, he was appointed as a high ranking employee for the Resident of Madiun. There, Sanusi had to recover the war-torn Madiun Residency, which was devastated by the 1948 Communist rebellion, led by the People's Democratic Front. Several months later, on 18 June 1949, Sanusi returned to Bandung. There, he was appointed by the Indonesian Government as the Acting Resident of Priangan in the shadow government of West Java, competing with the Dutch-backed government of the State of Pasundan. Later, during the handover of the State of Pasundan to the central government of the United States of Indonesia, Sanusi was appointed as the head of education.

Governor of West Java


On 7 July 1951, Sanusi was officially inaugurated as Governor of West Java, replacing Sewaka, who was appointed Minister of Defense in the Sukiman Cabinet. He was inaugurated together with the Governor of Central Sumatra, Ruslan Muljohardjo and the Mayor of Jakarta, Sjamsuridjal. His appointment was initially challenged by the West Java Regional Representative Council (DPRD), especially from the Masyumi Party. Oja Sumantri, a member of the DPRD from Masyumi, protested that the appointment of the Governor was a violation of the province's autonomy, as it was the Ministry of Home Affairs who appointed him governor, not the DPRD. Despite these challenges, he was supported by other factions of the DPRD, including by the West Java commissariat of the Indonesian Civil Service Association faction. Sanusi asked the DPRD members to be heartened, and do something more constructive for the sake of the provicnce. In the end, the DPRD of West Java gave up the challenge, and Sanusi remained as governor.