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Tree Biometrics

Since trees are living beings of paramount importance for our planet [r]; tree biometrics represents a multidisciplinary discipline which collects tree information to study, know, and understand them and the forest of the world. During the last centuries tree biometricians have developed a body of knowledge of vital importance to understand the trees, our forestry policies, and the future of our forests. The methodology used by these biometricians has change significantly since the beginning of the scientific forestry, but the essence of their work remains unaltered, therefore, the utter importance of measuring and share our data using common, public and understandable semantics.

Breast Height
The breast height for a tree is a local standard or reference height which roughly varies from 1.3 to 1.5 meters from the ground along the main longitudinal axis of the tree. Hence if the tree is not vertical the vertical height and the breast height will not coincide.

Tree Tip
The tree tip is the tallest part of the tree.

Crown Base
The crown base is formed by the lowest live and non-epicormic branch that is part of the cannopy

Crown Envelope
The crown envelope is the space that the live crown of the tree encroaches

Growth Ring
The growth ring is a layer of wood produced by the tree during the growing season.

Leaf
The leaf is a terminal node of the tree. The foliage of the trees is the set of leaves functionality attached to it.

Bark
The bark of the tree is the tissue that sits on top the the secondary meristems and protect them.

Bole
The bole of the tree is the main stem.

cross-section
The Cross-section of the bole of a tree is a surface perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.

Tree Height
Tree height height represents a distance from the neck of the tree to the some reference point above.

Tree Maximum Height
The tree maximum height represents the vertical distance from the tip of the tree to the ground. This concept often assumes either that the tree is vertical and the ground is horizontal. Therefore, its accuracy[l] should be low in many of the cases.

Merchandable Height
The merchantable height represents the distance from the stump of the tree to the cutoff point of the main stem. The cutoff point depends on the future usage of the stem which in turn depends on the diameter of the logs.

Breast Height
The breast height represents the vertical distance from the ground to one given height.However, its value varies from place to place (from 1.3 to 1.5 meters) [l]

Primary Growth
The primary growth of the tree represents its longitudinal growth which often refers to the growth either of the main stem or the maximum height of the tree. The primary growth is represented by primary data or as surrogated measured

Diameter
The tree diameter is the most common primary data acquired from trees since many secondary values are derived from diametrical values

DBH
The diameter at breast height represents the diameter of the tree at breast height. Several works has been published with the proper methods to estimates the value for it. The assumption of a cylindrical bole is incorrect since the perimeter of its cross-section is closer to an oval than to a circle.

Girth
The girth of a tree at a given height represents the length of the perimeter of a cross-section of the bole of the tree. From its value the diameter of the tree can be derived under the assumption that the cross-section of the bole is a circle.

Seconndary Growth
The diame

Diameter Inside Bark
The diameter inside bark at a given height represents the diameter of the cross-section of the bole representing the xylem. Its value is sometimes measured using different methods and other times derived from allometric formulas. This diameter is often used to calculate other derived values such as pulp or board production.

Diameter Outside Bark
The diameter inside bark at a given height represents the diameter of the cross-section

Big-end Diameter
The big-end diameter of a bole represents the diameter of the big-end of the log and corresponds with the bottom cross-section of the log. It is measured directly and used to calculate derived values such as volume, or weight.

Small-end Diameter
The big-end diameter of a bole represents the diameter of the small-end of the log and corresponds with the upper cross-section of the log. It is measured directly and used to calculate derived values such as volume, or weight.

Sawlog Volume
The sawlog volume is a concept with a different number of definitions with a common volumetric concept as an ouput as a result of a number of calculations and assumptions

Pulpwood Volume
The pulpwood voumen represents the amount of wood from the tree that can be used by the pulp industry. The pulpwood is estimated either in volume or weight from either using the appropriate allometric on standing trees or the volume of stacked wood. The stacked wood is measured often in cords or stereos

Cordwood Volume
The pulpwood voumen represents the amount of wood from the tree that can be used after seasoning in fireplaces. Coodwood is estimated and measured using the same concepts as with pulpwood.

Doyle Log Rule
The Doyle Log Rule is a popular board foot rule to estimate the amount of sawlog volume. The estimated volume depends of the inside-bark small-end diameter and the length of the bole

Scribner Log Rule
The Scribner rule is a popular board foot rule to estimate the amount of sawlog volumen

International 1/4 - inch Log Rule
The international 1/4-inch log rule is a popular board foot rule to estimate the amount of sawlog volume. The estimated volumen depends on a set of formulas which depends of the inside-bark small-end diameter and the length of the bole.

Huber Log Rule
The Huber log rule is a popular formula to estimate the volume of a log and depends on the inside-bark middle diameter and the length of the log.

Smalian Log Rule
The Smalian log rule is a popular formula to estimate the volume of a log and depends on both inside-bark end diameters and the length of the log.

Newton Log Rule
The Newton log rule is a popular formula to estimate the volume of a log and depends on both inside-bark end diameters, the middle diameter and the length of the log.

Taper
The taper of the stem of a tree represents the profile of the bole of the stem which often is narrower towards the upper part of the stem. This taper is often represented as geometric shapes[r] or by differential values.

Crown Envelope
The crown envelope represents the space ocuppied

Crown Shape
The crown shape of a tree represent the envelope formed by the leaves which is determined by the specie, the age and the environment of the tree. Crown shapes are often classified into categorical classes such as [r]

Crown Class
The crown class of a tree represent the social position of the crown in relation with the neighboring crowns. Crown classes are often classified into categorical classes such as [r]

Crown Surface Area
The crown surface area represent an approximation of the area of the crown envelope. The value of the area is could be measured directly [r] or estimated using a geometrical surface [r].

Crown Horizontal Projection
The crown horizontal projection represents the orthographic horizontal projection of the crown. Crown horizontal projections are represented by closed lines and its area.

Crown diameter
The crown diameter represents an average distance of the actual diameters that can be measured inside the crown horizontal projection. The crown diameter can be measured using a number of methodologies.

Crown Base Height
The crown base Height represents the height of the lowest non-epicormic branch which is part of the canopy

Crown Deep
The crown deep represents the length along the main axis of the tree from the tree tip to the base of the crown.

Crown Deep Ratio
The crown deep ratio represents the relation between the crown deep and the tree height

Crown Volume
The crown Volume represents the volume encroached by the crown envelope of the tree The crown volume is estimaded a

Crown Ratio
The crown Ration represents the relation between the crown width and the DBH

Dendrochronology
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