User:Therazzz/sandbox

This is the my sandbox, simply and most wonderful the best sandbox that has ever been created. What was that? You want me to use an oxford comma?? Well, guess who's running the show now kids. THE RIDE NEVER ENDS.

Origin
A long long time ago, in a galaxy far far away, there once live a man. His name was Carl and he was a pretty sweet dude. Carl was an omnipotent dude and got kind of bored waiting around in space no "broing" around with any of his dude friends. THEREFORE Carl took his almighty scepter (yes, he had a scepter too, pretty cool right?) and threw it into the abyss. Carl was a bit surprised because nothing really happened. He was also a little upset because he just threw away his scepter, which was really cool. That ended the reign of the Almighty Carl. Back on Earth, I finished typing up this origin story and watched that weird module thingy so I could know how to use wikipedia. Now I'm super smart and good at it.

Links
Neural fold test page

Neural fold test talk page

The razzzzzzzz Sandbox

Talk:Neural_fold

Projects
I plan to work on a couple pages.

Neural Fold Page
Involves completely revamping this page with updated information ====Research via Gilbert Book ==== Meanwhile I did very little on the actual page, although on the bus ride back to campus I actually researched a lot about neurulation. The book information is confusing about the origins of the notocord and among other things. The timings of these things is confusing because they vary depending upon species. Primary neurulation (which occurs in birds, which has been observed since they are easy to observe) is different from how neurulation works in mammals, including us, so the model is slightly different. For us the neural tube arises from a mess of tissue via secondaryneurulation (mostly...I think) and the origin tissue is called the Medullary cord although the wikipedia entry seems completely incorrect with dead reference links.

Introduction
The neural fold is the structure, or fold, formed during the neurulation stage of development which forms the neural tube. While the neural fold is not a specific cell type, there are many defined types of cells and structures which are involved with the neural fold and folding. Important molecules and proteins are responsible for the neural fold and there are documented disorders associated with problems with the formation of the neural tube categorized as neural tube defects.

Kelsey's Intro
The neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals. This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it is responsible for the formation of the anterior end of the neural tube. The neural folds are derived from the neural plate, a preliminary structure consisting of elongated ectoderm cells. The folds give rise to neural crest cells (cell which will ultimately internalize and become mesenchymal cells), as well bringing about the formation of the neural tube.

The formation of the neural fold is initiated by the release of calcium. The released calcium interacts with proteins that can modify the actin filaments in the outer epithelial tissue, or ectoderm, in order to induce the dynamic cell movements necessary to create the fold. These cells are held together by E-cadherin, a type of intercellular binding protein. Since all of the cells of the neural plate are expressing this same type of cadherin, they are able to adhere to each other; similarly, when the cells at the peaks of the neural folds come in proximity with each other, it is this affinity for similar cadherin molecules that allows these cells to bind to each other. Thus, when the neural tube precursor cells begin expressing N-cadherin in the place of E-cadherin, the cells no longer associate, causing the neural tube to separate from the ectoderm and settle inside the embryo. When the cells fail to associate in a manner that is not part of the normal course of development, severe diseases can occur. If the edges of the neural folds fail to associate and merge, several conditions, referred to collectively as craniorachischisis, can occur. If the posterior neuropore fails to close, spina bifida occurs, in which the bottom of the spinal cord remains exposed. If the failure is instead in the anterior neuropore, anencephaly occurs. In this condition, the brain tissue is directly exposed to the amniotic fluid, and is degraded.

The inability of the neural folds to join can result in serious complications for the embryo. In humans,

Origin
In the case of chick embryos, the formation of the neural fold originates from the Neural Ectoderm-Epidermal Ectoderm, or NE-EE. This region of the embryo is formed after gastrulation and is where the epithelial tissue of the embryo folds the neural crest and plate inward into the embryo to form the neural tube and the neural crest cells. The formation of the neural fold has been shown to be regulated by the release of Calcium. The released Calcium interacts with proteins that can modify the actin filaments in the outer epithelial tissue, or ectoderm, to induce the formation of the neural fold by way of the actin modifications.

Outline

 * 1) Intro
 * 2) Origin
 * 3) Cell Fate
 * 4) Neurulation Explanation
 * 5) Primary
 * 6) Secondary
 * 7) Molecular level
 * 8) Diseases