User:Thon de Baai/draftarticle

My action plan: 	The Wikipedia Activist article: 	I decided to revise and improve by adding some information (reliable source) on an existing article in my Sandbox which is about youth homelessness particularly in Australia section: (Aboriginal Youth in Northern Territory) 	I will add short subheading and short summary such as 1.	policy interventions (Government Response) 2.	reliable source 3.	Methodology used 4.	Gender 5.	Risk Factors among youth homeless. (Cause and cost) 6.	Voicing marginality and framing inclusive practice: 7.	The emerging social inclusion agenda for youth, (State Governments and the Federal Government) 8.	 Implications for service practice and education. The reason: I want to revise the previous article and expand little bit, because I have identified necessary missing information and specific issues need to be added.

Youth homelessness in Australia. Australia

Youth homelessness in Australia is a significant social issue,[10] affecting tens of thousands of young people. In 2006, the Australian government estimate, focusing on homeless school children, found some 20,000 homeless youth between the ages of 12 and 18.[11] Another estimate found approximately 44,000 homeless Australians under the age of 25.[12]

Activists maintain that the majority of young people leave home because of family breakdown, often caused by domestic violence and abuse.[13] Swinburne University researchers found that over $600 million is spent each year on health and justice services for homeless youth.[14]

Researchers have studied the prevalence of psychological distress and mental illness among homeless youth in Australia.[15]

Some experts argue that early intervention services are an effective way to curb youth homelessness.[16] Other researchers have examined the potential solution of youth foyers.[17]

According to the report of NSW Auditor-General, the Federal Government’s White Paper and the creation of a Strategic Framework for NSW, which is currently being finalized, have been important responses to the issue of homelessness in recent years. As highlighted in the White Paper, there are many causes of homelessness including housing affordability, domestic violence, long-term unemployment, family breakdown and mental health and substance abuse. Homelessness can affect people of all ages, includes men and women as well as people from different cultural backgrounds. It can take many forms, ranging from primary homelessness, including “rough sleeping” to other forms of homelessness such as “couch surfing”. Homelessness is a problem that is not confined to a certain part of NSW and impacts on people in both the city and the suburbs as well as those in rural and regional areas of the State. Domestic violence is a pathway into homelessness for many people to become homeless. This is likely to become of growing concern because of the increase in the reported incidence of domestic violence in recent years. Homelessness involved young people who are homeless if their accommodation does not provided to them with a sense of safety, security, privacy and so on. This requires information about how much space people have in their accommodation and whether they feel safe and secure in their property. However, the Census does not collect evidence about these matters. Chamberlain and Mackenzie developed what has been called the cultural definition of homelessness. This definition identifies shared community standards about the minimum housing that people have a right to expect according to the conventions and expectations of culture. Cultural standards are embedded in the housing practices of a society. According to the cultural definition homeless can be group into three level. The first one is primary homelessness this category conceptualizes homelessness as being roofless. It includes all people without conventional accommodation, for example, people living on the streets, sleeping in parks, squatting in derelict buildings, or using cars or railway carriages for temporary shelter. The secondary homelessness, this category includes people moving between various forms of temporary shelter. It includes people staying with friends, relatives, in emergency or transitional accommodation provided under the Supported Accommodation Program and boarding houses. The third one is tertiary homelessness, this are homeless people who live in boarding houses on a medium to long-term basis. These people do not have a bathroom, kitchen or security of tenure and are categorised as homeless because their accommodation situation is below the minimum community standard. According to ABS policy they have classifies that people are homeless if they lack one or more of the following an adequate dwelling; security of tenure in their dwelling; and access to space for social relations. However, the ABS has an overarching rule that individuals should be excluded from the homelessness count if their living circumstance mirrors that of a homeless person but is one of choice: that being, the person has the capacity and means to live differently but chooses a particular lifestyle. People who lack one or more of these elements are not necessarily classified as homeless. Government response to homeless issues that there must be four conditions to make identifying the right person who seeks help or chosen homelessness. Homeless person must be shown that the person has sufficient ‘income, wealth and savings that would allow them to access suitable accommodation’. So that the involved of assessing individual has sufficient funds to set up a small flat in the current rental market and takes into account the cost of a suitable property, bond, one month’s rent in advance, fees for connecting utilities and so forth. Additionally, the person must have sufficient disposable income to maintain rental payments and services. The level of information required to make such an assessment is not collected by the Census. The second policy is whether the person has the physical capabilities to allow them to access suitable accommodation’. The ABS notes that ‘some physical impairments may prevent a person from being able to seek out, access and sustain suitable accommodation. It is not clear what 'physical impairments’ the ABS has in mind, but this sort of judgment arguably is beyond the scope of the information collected in the Census. Finally, it must be shown that a person has the psychological means to allow them to seek out and access suitable accommodation. Some types of mental illnesses or cognitive injuries may prevent a person from being able to seek out, access and sustain suitable accommodation. Similarly, the level of information required to inform such an assessment would be beyond the scope of the Census.

References list 	Chamberlain, C., & MacKenzie, D. 2014. Definition and counting: where to now? Homelessness in Australia: An Introduction, 71-99. 	Simon, K. 2009. Homelessness in NSW. NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service. 	Pawson, H., Parsell, C., Saunders, P., Hill, T., & Liu, E. (2018). Australian homelessness monitor 2018.