User:Thunderchicken9/sandbox

Annotated Bibliography Space
1) MLA: Caldeira, Sofia P., and Sander De Ridder. “Representing Diverse Femininities on Instagram: A Case Study of the Body-Positive @Effyourbeautystandards Instagram Account.” Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, 2017, pp. 321–337., doi:10.1386/cjcs.9.2.321_1.

APA: Caldeira, S. P., & De Ridder, S. (2017). Representing diverse femininities on Instagram: A case study of the body-positive @effyourbeautystandards Instagram account. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 9(2), 321-337. doi:10.1386/cjcs.9.2.321_1

Summary: Sofia Caldeira is a Ph.D student in communication sciences at Ghent University who is researching under Dr. Sander De Ridder, who also has his Ph.D in communication sciences. This case study goes over the Instagram account @EffYourBeautyStandards, which is a body-positive and inclusive account aiming to share the self-representations of women and creating a broader view of the term of what "beautiful" really means to the post feminist community. The study also aims to explore gender roles in society. This will be helpful to back up my Instagram section when talking about statistics and the correlation between women viewing Instagram how diverse representations of women on a frequently viewed Instagram page can help provide inclusivity within the beauty ideal.

2) MLA: Fardouly, Jasmine, et al. "Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways." New Media & Society, vol. 20, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1380-1395, EBSCO. doi.org/10.1177/1461444817694499. Accessed 9 Oct. 2018.

APA: Fardouly, J., Willburger, B. K., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1380-1395. doi:10.1177/1461444817694499

Summary: Jasmine Fardouly is a postdoctoral researcher working at the Centre for Emotional Health in the Department of Psychology at Macquarie University in Australia. In this study, overall Instagram use in young women is explored and quantified to be compared to the way young women view their bodies. This study also explores the correlation between fitspiration Instagram pages and young women's body image. Much like the above source, this is immediately useful in my Wikipedia article because it directly discusses the relationships between Instagram use and internalizing the beauty ideal.

3) MLA: Brand, Peg Zeglin. “Beauty Matters.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 57, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–10. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/432058.

APA: Brand, P. (1999). Beauty Matters. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 57(1), 1-10. doi:10.2307/432058

Summary: Brand is an assistant professor at Indiana University in the philosophy and gender studies departments. His article aims to define beauty in a non-conventional way. It takes a looks at how beauty is perceived now compared to in different times, and it aims to determine if the aesthetics of beauty have changed over time to present day. It examines what characteristics factor into the idea of "beauty". This reference could become useful when talking about the abstract ideas of beauty and defining what society views as beautiful.

4) MLA: Tiggemann, Marika, and Mia Zaccardo. "‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram." Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 23, no. 8, 2016, pp. 1003-1011, EBSCO. doi-org.echo.louisville.edu/10.1177/1359105316639436. Accessed 15 Oct. 2018.

APA: Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2016). ‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1003-1011. doi:10.1177/1359105316639436

Summary: Marika Tiggemann is a distinguishes professor at the Flinders University and teaches in the college of education, psychology, and social work. Mia Zaccardo was an undergrad at Flinders and assisted Tiggeman in reasearch. This article highlights a study performed to show the relationship between women viewing "fitspiration" pages on Instagram and their body image. The study's findings support that viewing these pages may result in low body image and therefore women are not seeing themselves conform to the almost impossible beauty ideal that society pushes. This is useful to me when talking about the effects of social media on women's self esteem as a result of the internalized beauty ideal society has formed.

5) MLA: Feltman, Chandra E., and Dawn M. Szymanski. "Instagram Use and Self-Objectification: The Roles of Internalization, Comparison, Appearance Commentary, and Feminism." Sex Roles, vol. 78, no. 5-6, 2017, pp. 311-324, EBSCO. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0796-1.

APA: Feltman, C. E., & Szymanski, D. M. (2017). Instagram Use and Self-Objectification: The Roles of Internalization, Comparison, Appearance Commentary, and Feminism. Sex Roles, 78(5-6), 311-324. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0796-1

Summary: Chandra Feltman holds a Ph.D and currently teaches in the psychology department at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, and Dawn Szymanski also holds a Ph.D and teaches in the psychology department at the Georgia State University. This study followed undergraduate women from the southeast United States, and it sought to determine a relationship between their Instagram usage and self objectification levels. The study found that Instagram usage is positively correlated with self objectification, but the study also found that women with low-moderate feminist views are more likely to self-objectify themselves than women with higher feminist views. This could be helpful in simply providing more evidence that Instagram is correlated with self objectification, which has been found in other studies I plan on using.

6) MLA: Hendrickse, Joshua, et al. "Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition." Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 74, 19 Apr. 2017, pp. 92-100, EBSCO. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027.

APA: Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L. M., Clayton, R. B., & Ridgway, J. L. (2017). Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027

Summary: Russell Clayton and Laura Arpan have their Ph.Ds from Florida State University, Tallahassee in communications, Jessica Ridgeway holds her Ph.D from Florida State University, Tallahassee in retail, merchandising, and product development. Joshua Hendrickse has his masters degree from Florida State University, Tallahassee in communications. This study surveyed undergraduate students for appearance-related comparisons, such as their individual drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Their findings suggest that women who engage in these appearance-related comparisons from Instagram are more likely to be susceptible to body image concerns. This could be useful if I need more information that backs up the fact that Instagram may contribute to the negative body satisfaction in women as a result of internalizing the Western beauty ideal.

7) MLA: Gill, Rosalind, and Ana S. Elias. "‘Awaken your incredible’: Love your body discourses and postfeminist contradictions." International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, vol. 10, no. 2, 2014, pp. 179-188, EBSCO. doi:10.1386/macp.10.2.179_1.

APA: Gill, R., & Elias, A. S. (2014). ‘Awaken your incredible’: Love your body discourses and postfeminist contradictions. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 10(2), 179-188. doi:10.1386/macp.10.2.179_1

Summary: Rosalind Gill is a professor of Cultural and Social Analysis at the University of London, and Ana Sofia Elias is a postdoctoral researcher at King's College London in the department of culture, media, and creative industries. This articles mostly examines "love your body" discourses in media and how they do more harm than good for women's mental health than was previously thought. I could probably use this in my research paper as pair with the case study of the @effyourbeatystandardsInstagram page to contrast views on the "love your body" movement in media.

8) MLA: Thompson, J. K., and Leslie J. Heinberg. "The Media's Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We've Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them?" Journal of Social Issues, vol. 55, no. 2, 17 Dec. 2002, pp. 339-353, EBSCO. doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00119. Accessed 17 Oct. 2018.

APA: Thompson, J. K., & Heinberg, L. J. (2002). The Media's Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We've Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them? Journal of Social Issues, 55(2), 339-353. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00119

Summary: Kevin Thompson teaches in the clinical psychology department as a clinical psychologist at the University of South Florida, and Leslie Heinberg is a psychiatrast for the Cleveland Clinic and Professor of Medicine. This article discusses the effect of media in general on women with eating disorders or women developing eating disorders. The study models investigations that indicate that the media has an effect on women developing eating or shape based disorders. I could potentially use this in my research paper, but I'm not exactly sure how to fit it in yet. I think it has some great information and statistics about media and women's body image in general, but I just have to find a way to work it in.

Major Contribution Draft
An online space such as Instagram that is based on interactions through pictures creates a focus on one’s physical appearance. According to evidence gathered from a study focusing on general Instagram use in young women, researchers suggest Instagram usage was positively correlated with women’s self-objectification. This same study also considered the effect of Instagram on the internalization of the Western beauty ideal for women, and the evidence gathered in the study agrees with the idea that Instagram use encourages women to internalize the societal beauty ideal of Western culture. Because users have the opportunity to shape and edit their photographs before sharing them, they can force them to adhere to the beauty ideal. Viewing these carefully selected pictures shows the extent to which women internalize the Western beauty ideal. In addition to researching the effects of general Instagram use, the study also researched the effects of "fitspiration" Instagram pages on young women's body image. “Fitspiration” pages aim to motivate the viewer through images of healthy eating and exercising. Although these pages aim to be a positive way to promote a healthy lifestyle, they are also appearance-based and contain images of toned and skinny women. According to the study, there is a positive correlation to young women’s viewing "fitspiration" pages and a negative body image.

A case study conducted about Instagram use and the Western feminine beauty ideal focused on the specific account @effyourbeautystandards, a body-positive Instagram page created by feminist plus-size model Tessa Holliday. Through her page, Holliday instructed women to share pictures of themselves on Instagram with the hashtag #effyourbeautystandards. Images posted with this hashtag would be selected by the account administrators and posted to the @effyourbeauutystandards page. The evidence gathered in this case study suggested that while these selected pictures attempt to take an intersectional approach to the content women view on social media, they may still have an effect on how women view their bodies.

Class Contributions
According to a study that researched the connection between Instagram use and women's body image issues, there is a positive correlation between Instagram use and the "internalization of the beauty ideal". This article source will be helpful in introducing social media's effects on women's body image and how it relates back to the feminine beauty ideal. Right now I'm looking into sexism in video games, the feminine beauty ideal, and sex differences in education as my topics to further explore. I'm currently interested in women's healthcare, particularly in the area of reproductive rights area. I think it is important for women to have options open when it comes to making choices about their bodies. I am also interested in the way society pushes gender roles onto children from birth and how that can effect them later on in life in terms of gender identity.