User:Tiamut/Sycaminum


 * The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 5
 * "Shiqmona is the closest settlement to the sacred precincts on Mt. Carmel. In Antiquities (13.12) Josephus mentions Sukaminon in relation to the siege of Akko by the Hasmonean Alexander Jannaeus in 102 BCE. [...] The site's biblical name is unknown. A jar from the fourth centry BCE found in situ bears a tax inscription that mentions Gath Carmel, a place also named in the Amarna tablets. [...] The Pilgrim of Bordeaux states that Sycaminum is a stopover near Mt. Carmel. It appears in Talmudic literature as Shiqmona. The site was excavated from 1963 to 1979 by Joseph Elgavish on behalf of the Haifa Museum."
 * "The tell itself was later occupied by three fortresses: a late Persian period fortress from which three Phoenician tax inscriptions and part of an abecedary were recovered; a Hellenistic period fortress destroyed in 132 ВСЕ; and a Roman fortress abandoned in the 3rd century CE."


 * Encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land
 * "The mound lies on the coast, about 1.3 kilometers southwest of the Carmel cape"
 * settlement in Iron Age II (can't read full text, may begin earlier and end then for that phase)
 * a Phoenician town in the Persian period
 * three successive fortresses, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman.


 * Mediterranean cities: historical perspectives by Robert L. Hohlfelder
 * "A third neighbouring city mentioned in the sources in relation to Akko-Ptolemais is the port of Sycaminum, situated 12 miles away, at the foot of the Carmel promontory, and identified at Tell-es-Semak."


 * Studies in the archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan by Amihay Mazar, Ginny Mathias, et al.
 * "Tell as-Samak (Tel Shiqmona) Late Bronze Age-Iron Age I-Iron Age II-Persian period", subject to destruction in 604 BCE, along with other sites in northern Palestine including Tel Kabri, Tel Keisan, Tell Achziv, Tell Dan and Tell Da'uq among others


 * A history of the Jews and judaism in the second temple period
 * under Phoenician control in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (and probably before too)
 * destroyed in early 5th century BCE (likely from earthquake), rebuilt in fields surronding mound
 * Persian period fortress destroyed (likely in fighting of Diadochi), HEllenistic period fortress destroyed 132 BCE
 * Hippodamian pattern residential quarter


 * The Numismatic chronicle
 * Coins were minted there during Seleucid rule (Seleucid coins bear the name Sycamina).


 * Res maritimae: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity
 * "The site of Sycamina is now identified with Tell es-Samaq at the foot of the Carmel Promontory, a location quite unsuitable for landing a large legion with horses."
 * Destroyed in 132 BCE during one of the Seleucid civil wars.
 * Ptolemy IX Soter II landed in Sycamina when it is an obscure port likely in ruins with a substantial force of 30000 infantry and cavalry. (see also )
 * Sycamina is identified as Tell es-Samaq


 * The Life and Epistles of St. Paul
 * St. Paul travelled through Sycamina (also known as Mansio Sicamenos)


 * La Palestine byzantine: peuplement et populations, Volume 3 by Claudine Dauphine
 * Destroyed in mid-4th or early 5th century (perhaps during revolt again Gallus in 352). Rebuilt. Destroyed dring Persian invasion of 614 and finally destroyed at the beginning of the 7th century, probably with the Arab conquest.


 * ʻAtiqot, Volumes 51-52
 * "in the second half of the sixth century, a pilgrim known as Antonimus of Placentia mentions Shiqmona as a settlement of Jews (Civitatem Sucamina ludaeorum) situated on the coast (Antonini Placentini Itinerarium 3)."


 * Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests by Walter E. Kaegi
 * The reaction of the Jewish community in Sycamina to the defeat and death of Sergios by the Arabs in 634. (See more detail at A history of Palestine, 634-1099 by Moshe Gil - caution: the source for this reaction is a polemical work that may be a fictional account to tell a morality tale.


 * Itineraria Phoenicia by Edward Lipiński

Haifa

 * A history of Palestine, 634-1099
 * pp. 192-3 for information on Jewish presence after Arab conquests (the fortified section of the town was inhabited largely by Jews when the Crusaders arrived; Jews defended it alongside Muslim troops of the Fatimid Empire against the Crusader invasion discussed on p. 830 )
 * p. 429 'one of the men of the Haifa citadel (qasr)', an Islamic teacher
 * p. 230 on Khursaw observation of the Judi shipbuilding industry
 * p.? 5th December 1033 earthquake felt in Haifa and throughout Jund Filastin
 * and much more, search for "Haifa", "Sykamina" and "Sykamona" (also lists Jewish religious meetings convened under Arab rule)