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 * Connecticut's oldest house
 * New England's oldest stone house
 * 248 Old Whitfield Street, down the road from Guilford's historic Green
 * Built in 1639 by Puritans who settled in Guilford pursuing religious freedom
 * Home of Henry Whitfield, the town's first minister
 * Often referred to as the “Old Stone House”

Construction
The first settlers of the Guilford colony began construction of their minister’s home in September of 1639, shortly after their arrival in the area of the future Guilford colony. However, they had begun construction of the house too late in the year, winter weather preventing them from finishing anything more than half of the great hall and north fireplace until the following spring. By the summer of 1640 the rest of the hall, the second floor and the attic were completed and the house was inhabited by Whitfield and his family. Accounts of the construction state that the local Menuncatuck Indians helped aided the settlers in the construction of the house by transporting stone from nearby quarries to the building site on hand barrows. Since there was so much stone available for construction, the walls of the house were made nearly two feet thick. The original mortar used to cement the stones was composed of yellow clay and crushed oyster shell, a technique developed by the lack of more conventional building materials. Inside of the great hall, the “joists and rafters were hand-hewn oaken timbers; the inside partitions were formed by wide planks of pine or white wood joined with feathered edges”.

Architecture
The architectural style of the Henry Whitfield house is very unique for its time period and location in New England in that it is styled in the tradition of the estates of northern England and Scotland, rather than the lower English and London style found in the rest of New England. When the first settlers constructed the house, they had built large rooms, ignoring the fact that smaller rooms would be easier to heat. They also ignored the abundance of wood available to them to construct an easily heated, yet still sturdy, home.

The original floor plan of the house included a kitchen and great hall (which could be divided by partitions into two separate rooms) on the first floor, a stair tower leading to the second floor, three bedrooms or chambers on the second floor, and a small attic above the chambers. The great hall, which was probably the most used room in the house, is thirty-three feet in length and fifteen feet in width and was built in a perpendicular ell to the rest of the house. This was the room used for church services, town meetings, feasts, and the housing of travelers. The Whitfield family slept on the second floor of the house, with the room directly above the kitchen used for the younger children because it was kept the warmest in the winter by the rising heat from the kitchen fireplace. The original roof had a sixty degree pitch, though it has been steepened during the house’s various restorations.

In addition, the house was constructed with six fireplaces, the largest of which is ten feet four inches across and is positioned on the north end of the great hall. This fireplace, and the one directly above it, remains mostly unchanged today, other than the addition of an oak mantel and some masonry. The smaller four have been remodeled several times since their original construction.

Purposes
First and foremost, the Whitfield House served as the home for Henry Whitfield, Dorothy Shaeffe Whitfield, and their nine children. The house also served as a place of worship before the first church was built in Guilford, a meetinghouse for colonial town meetings, a protective fort for the settlers in case of attack, and a shelter for travelers between the New Haven and Saybrook Colonies. In addition, the Whitfield House was used by the Roman Catholic community as a chapel in the 1860’s before St. George’s Church was constructed on the Guilford Green. Even after the church was completed many parish meetings were still held in the house. Today, it is a museum, a National Historic Landmark, and a site listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Henry Whitfield
Henry Whitfield, one of Guilford’s founders and first minister, for whom the house was built, is estimated to have been born sometime between June 8 and October 1, 1592 in Greenwich in the county of Kent, England. Thomas Whitfield, his father was a lawyer in London and his mother, Mildred Manning, was descended from the poet and “father of English literature” Geoffrey Chaucer. Whitfield attended New College, Oxford, where he befriended the future founder of the Saybrook colony in Connecticut, George Fenwick. He initially studied law after graduation, but found it undesirable and promptly changed his focus to ministry studies. Whitfield was ordained a minister of the Church of England in 1618 and soon took up the post of vicar of St. Margaret’s Church in Ockley, Surrey, where he remained for the next 18 years. During this time he married Dorothy Shaeffe (also of Kent) and fathered nine children, living off the estate of his father. However, under the rule of King Charles I, the Church of England began to persecute Separatists and Puritans, who opposed the new firm rule of the church and called for reform. Whitfield’s sympathies soon shifted to the Puritan movement following the persecution by Archbishop William Laud. Shortly after being censured as a dissident by the High Commission Court in 1638, Whitfield resigned from his post in Ockley and recruited twenty five families, mostly farmers, of Surrey and Kent to travel to the New Haven Colony in the new world. Upon arrival in June 1639, Whitfield consulted Fenwick and Rev. John Davenport, founder of the New Haven Colony, and decided to purchase land from the Menuncatuck Indians halfway between the New Haven and Saybrook Colonies. Whitfield and his party moved into the new Guilford Colony in September of that year and immediately began construction of his house, though it was not finished until the following spring due to the winter weather conditions. In the early years of the Guilford Colony, Whitfield served as both the minister and community leader, delivering sermons and conducting marriage ceremonies as well as settling civil disputes. However, in 1650 Henry Whitfield returned to England, leaving his wife and the majority of his children in Guilford. It has been speculated that he returned due to the changed political and religious atmosphere for Puritans under the reign of Oliver Cromwell. Whitfield was reinstated in the Church but died in 1657, soon after his return, and was laid to rest in the Winchester Cathedral on September 17.

Owners and Residents
The first residents of the house were Henry Whitfield, his wife, and their children, for whom the house was originally built. Throughout their occupancy, they extended their welcome to travelers, church-goers, and the rest of the citizens in the community. When Henry Whitfield returned to England in 1650, his wife, Dorothy and some of their children continued to live in the house. It is suggested by historical records that during this time that the younger John Winthrop, son of the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and future Governor of Connecticut, expressed interest in purchasing the house, though he ended up moving to the East Haven colony instead. Upon Whitfield’s death in 1657 the ownership was passed on to Dorothy and before he return to England in 1659, the town of Guilford, led by future Governor of Connecticut, William Leete, and William Chittenden, attempted to purchase the house as a grammar school for the settlement. However, the town lacked sufficient funds to purchase the house. After much deliberation, in September of 1659 the house was sold to a London merchant named Major Robert Thompson. Thompson and his family remained in England throughout most of their ownership, which lasted over a century, renting the house to tenant farmers. The Thompson family sold the house to Wyllys Eliot, a Guilford resident, on October 21, 1772, though Eliot owned the house for less than a month and sold it again to Joseph Pynchon on November 6, 1772. Pynchon used the house as a summer home, but was forced to flee back to England because of his loyalist sympathies at the onset of the American Revolution. Before he left, he sold the house to Jasper Griffing on June 27, 1776, just a week before the Declaration of Independence was signed. Griffing, a patriot from Long Island, was a descendent of the early Guilford leader, William Chittenden (pamphlet). The Griffing and Chittenden families owned the house for over a century, and during their ownership the remodeling of 1868 occurred. Not until September 28, 1900, did the Whitfield House become the property of the state of Connecticut, when Sarah Brown Cone sold the house and property for $8,500. The purchase was financed by “$3,500 from the State of Connecticut, $3,000 from the town of Guilford, between $500 and $1,000 from residents of Guilford, and as much from the members of the Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames of America." It was transformed into a museum after several renovations and has been maintained by the Connecticut Historical Society and the house Board of Trustees ever since.

Renovation
The first unofficial renovation of the Henry Whitfield House occurred in 1868, under the ownership of the Mary Chittenden. Mrs. Chittenden devoted a great deal of her inheritance from her late husband, Henry Ward Chittenden, to the remodeling and repair of the house which was directed by her son-in-law, Henry D. Cone. By the year 1868, the house’s roof was beginning to cave-in and a great deal of the southern wall had collapsed. In order to make the house inhabitable, severable repairs were necessary. During this time much of the south wall was rebuilt, the south chimney was removed, the roof was rebuilt, and much of the interior walls were re-plastered. However, the house was not completely changed from its original state. Historical accounts from the Library of Congress state that, “as much as half of the ancient wall was not disturbed, the larger part of that being north of the door.” In addition, the original foundation of the house remained unchanged.

The second major renovation of the house occurred in 1902, shortly after the museum was opened, led by architectural historian Norman Isham. Isham’s main purpose in the restoration was to make the house historically accurate to the time period it was built and also make the new museum suitable for tours. His renovation included a re-plastering and mortaring of the walls and ceilings, as well as the remodeling of the five smaller chimney of the house. Isham’s restoration plan was based on what he stated to be, “tradition, inherent reasonableness, and likeness to old English examples."  His approach led to the criticism of many architectural experts, including the next renovator, J. Frederick Kelly, who believed Isham was too concerned with aesthetics and “glorifying” the house.

Though minor restorations continue today, the most extensive renovation occurred during the 1930’s, directed by J. Frederick Kelly. The purpose of this renovation was to conduct archeological and architectural analyses restore the house to its condition in 1639. Prior to this extensive renovation, Kelly had prior experience with the house from when he converted one of the barns on the property to a caretaker’s house in 1923. Kelly’s restoration began with the reconstruction of the kitchen in 1930 and the rebuilding of the ell (the wing built perpendicular to the main house) in 1932. The external changes of the house included a steepening of the pitch of the roof, a building of a chimney at the house’s southern end, elimination of the stucco, and the creation of seventeenth century windows made of “diamond-shaped quarrels of glass set in lead bars.”  Interior restorations include the re-creation of a corner window facing the harbor, the restoration of the stair tower to the second floor, the rebuilding of the second floor (which had been essentially removed sometime during the 1700’s), and the reconstruction of the partitions that had been used to separate the great hall into several rooms. The final cost of Kelly’s restoration was $26,000, financed by the Federal government and individual patrons of the Colonial Dames of America, and it was completed on October 20, 1937.

Museum
The Henry Whitfield House was formally opened as a museum in 1899, after the first remodeling was completed, as Connecticut’s first state museum. The museum is operated by the Connecticut Historical Society and the house’s Board of Trustees, a group of nine individuals who oversee the maintenance and preservation of the house. The museum reflected a trend toward nativism amongst old American families during the immigration in the early twentieth century. Though some of the artifacts in the museum were found in the cellar, many are not original to the house, but were gathered from other historic sites of the same time period in order to show visitors what life was like for the early colonists of America. The renovations by Norman Isham and J. Frederick Kelly have also restored the house near to the condition it was believed by them to be in when it was first built. On site, visitors are allowed to explore the house through either historian-guided or self-guided tours, as well as through interactive tours online at the museum’s webpage. The museum gained national recognition when it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.