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- Phonetic space

Lead

 * Definition of Phonetic Space
 * Phonetic Space refers to the range of sounds that can be made by an individual. There is some controversy over whether an individual’s phonetic space is language dependent, or if there exists some common, innate, phonetic space across languages.
 * Brief overview of other sections
 * Phonetic Space is a concept pioneered by Martin Joos in 1948 and developed by Gordon E. Peterson in 1951 and Noam Chomsky in 1968. Applications of phonetic space include interlanguage phonetic comparison and phonological analysis. The most cited rebuttal of Chomsky's proposal of a universal and discreet phonetic space is an article by Port and Leary titled, "Against Formal Phonology".

Definition

 * How it is used within different contexts
 * Mathematical approach
 * Application
 * Sarah’s list of links Links: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024384181900620  http://spraakdata.gu.se/taraka/modeling-the-phonetic-space-tal-09.pdf
 * https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2021213 Ideas: phonetic space is the range of sounds in all languages combined?  https://linguistics.ucla.edu/general/matheses/Lefkowitz_UCLA_MA_2012.pdf  “the second is that speakers are directly facilitating word-recognition by increasing the perceptual distance between the target word and its lexical competitors in phonetic space”— (direct quote)  “still address this paper’s central 26 research question by treating as a fixed effect the average location in phonetic space of a target’s lexical neighbors. For example, targets with many neighbors containing low vowels could be compared to targets with many neighbors containing high vowels.”(direct quote)  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447019313269  Seems to also be called acoustic space also
 * https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2021213 Ideas: phonetic space is the range of sounds in all languages combined?  https://linguistics.ucla.edu/general/matheses/Lefkowitz_UCLA_MA_2012.pdf  “the second is that speakers are directly facilitating word-recognition by increasing the perceptual distance between the target word and its lexical competitors in phonetic space”— (direct quote)  “still address this paper’s central 26 research question by treating as a fixed effect the average location in phonetic space of a target’s lexical neighbors. For example, targets with many neighbors containing low vowels could be compared to targets with many neighbors containing high vowels.”(direct quote)  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447019313269  Seems to also be called acoustic space also
 * https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2021213 Ideas: phonetic space is the range of sounds in all languages combined?  https://linguistics.ucla.edu/general/matheses/Lefkowitz_UCLA_MA_2012.pdf  “the second is that speakers are directly facilitating word-recognition by increasing the perceptual distance between the target word and its lexical competitors in phonetic space”— (direct quote)  “still address this paper’s central 26 research question by treating as a fixed effect the average location in phonetic space of a target’s lexical neighbors. For example, targets with many neighbors containing low vowels could be compared to targets with many neighbors containing high vowels.”(direct quote)  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447019313269  Seems to also be called acoustic space also

Phonetic Space is universal. Every human is born with a discreet phonetic space.

https://books.google.com/books?id=4w12DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=%22phonetic+space+is%22&source=bl&ots=C0xhrkh3sU&sig=ACfU3U3UXZl5MJ1htkrgbfg6BIK9siUYtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk7PD7i_DnAhULQq0KHTP4BK0Q6AEwA3oECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22phonetic%20space%20is%22&f=false   (48)

Phonetic space is conglomerate of ideas and concepts composed of categories such as: VOT, Amplitude Rise-Time, Formant Frequency, Bandwidth, Formant Transition, and Energy-Density Maximum. These together provide the range and data necessary to build the phonetic space of a speaker.

https://books.google.com/books?id=HVarBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%22phonetic+space+is%22&source=bl&ots=7MioFKs4j1&sig=ACfU3U3jfWBtKlVeJRQvJIazYjPqaJ2OTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk7PD7i_DnAhULQq0KHTP4BK0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22phonetic%20space%20is%22&f=false   (246)

Phonetic space acts as a kind of continuum, and through this continuum there can be made more solid definitions of sounds, creating what is known as the phonological space. This continuum helps to develop the “loci” of specific sounds.

From the old lead:

"The extensive use of the well-known vowel diagram strongly suggests that, when nasality and lip rounding are held constant, vowels can be successfully ordered in two dimensions. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of the vowel quadrilateral are related in some manner to positions in the vocal cavities. X-ray pictures which have been made, however, indicate that there is some question as to the precise aspects of the vocal-cavity positions which these dimensions represent" (p. 548). It turns out that they represent a space defined by two formants, the F1 and F2.

An exact definition of Phonetic Space is not agreed upon, the concept varying in use and meaning depending on the author in question. Some similarities and constants can, however, be drawn. One thing that is known, Phonetic Space is universal- every human that uses verbal communication obtains a discreet phonetic space. This space is the distribution of vowels perceived by the speaker. The recognition of words, and specifically the vowels within these words, is achieved by noting a perceived difference between one sound and another. The act of comparing these competing sounds and categorizing them within the mind is the creation of a Phonetic Space. The identity of each sound is a conglomerate of ideas and concepts composed of categories such as: VOT (Voice Onset Time), Amplitude Rise-Time, Formant Frequency, Bandwidth, Formant Transition, and Energy-Density Maximum. Not all of these categories are used for every sound, however in building an individual phonetic space, the aforementioned attributes are often times integral to the differentiation process used by the mind to successfully distinguish between any two competing sounds. Based off of these ideas, the Vowel Quadrilateral is used to show what the realization of these basic would look like, and helps to visually conceptualize the separation of competing Phonetic Space that occurs within the human mind.

History

 * First mention

Phonetic space, or acoustic space, was first really mentioned by Martin Joos. The idea was later further expanded on by Gordon E. Peterson. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271812788_The_Phonetic_Value_of_Vowels The idea is rarely touched upon in linguistics, as phonetic space appears to be more of a statement of fact. As in, there is a space between these sounds, as opposed to something less concrete.


 * Development of idea: For the most part, there is not a lot of development that happened with the phonetic space theory. It was simply noticed, and remarked upon, and has since become more widely accepted. There is very little on the topic, as not much research has been done on the topic. Phonetic space is simply put, the sound between sounds, Or, lack thereof.
 * Major contributors

- Martin Joos was an American linguist who was most commonly known for his study on language formality. Though Joos didn't solely study phonetic space, he contributed to the field of Acoustic Phonetics through his journal entry Acoustic Phonetics and Readings in Linguistics.

- Gordon E. Peterson was an American linguist whose field of study varied from acoustic analysis to phonemic theory and automatic speech recognition. Though Peterson didn't explicitly study phonetic space, in his study of phonetic value, he concluded that the vowel diagram that linguists typically use is a two-dimensional representation of the vowels in the phonetic space, which is multi-dimensional.

- Noam Chomsky is a prominent American linguist who pioneered the idea of an innate universal grammar, which also ties into his idea that phonetic space is also universally innate.

As previously mentioned, Martin Joos originally wrote about the topic, which was later elaborated on by Gordon E. Peterson. Marshall McLuhan could be mentioned as well, as he was the one to truly consider acoustic space, which is very similar to phonetic space. Though not exactly the same, as acoustic space refers more to the environment that allows for the sound, while phonetic space is more niche, in that it is in reference to the space between sounds.

Arguments against Phonetic Space
Rachael


 * Port and Leary argue that there is no one common phonetic space for all languages
 * Why? They provide 3 arguments against it: 1. Phonologies per language differ profusely 2. Some phonetic characteristics of languages depend on intrinsically temporal patterns, and 3. Some linguistic sound categories within a language are different from each other despite overlap
 * What alternative is presented?

Application of Phonetic Space
In 2010, a study on Phonetic Space was done to determine if phonetic spaces do exist and differ speaker to speaker. Three groups of participants were tested: those who were born and raised in China, those who moved from China at an early age and Americans who have learned Chinese later in life. Subjects were recorded saying various sounds and analyzed thorough Praat, a computer software that measures sounds into Hz. Certain values correlate to certain sounds. The recorded values for the sounds of heritage speakers and non heritage speakers differed greatly. The averages show that the photetic space, or values of sound, differ between the three groups.