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Institutionalized Racism
Institutionalized racism is most appropriately divided into three sectors; housing discrimination, education, and corporate racism. Institutionalized racism can also be referred to as Institutional racis, which is defined as the discriminatory racial practices built into the organizations and groups withn the political, economic, and educational systems. This definiton includes the political sector, however; for the purpose of this article it is most efficient to include this sector under the section of corporate racism.

Housing Discrimination
Housing discrimination is a crucial part of Institutionalized racsim because it creates an ever perpetuating cycle between educational racism, and corporate racism; with each sector reproducing the other. Housing Discrimination is a specific term associated with the common practice of steering minority groups from residental areas with the purpose of maintaing the property values of the homes of white residents is suburban areas. Marco Fugazza cites studies conducted by various government agencies such as; Housing Discrimination Study, the PSID, and CPS. Fugazza concluded from the data that through discrimination a person's mobility can alter other sectors like corporate racsim. Fugazza found that compaired to white home seeker a black or Hispanic home seeker will have to alocate an additional $4,000 in the process of searching for a new home that is equal to what real estate agent will show a perspective white home seeker. The cited Housing Discrimination Study found that minority home-buyers, the percentage of black and Hispanic home-buyers combined, were shown 49.3 percent fewer houses compared to the equality qualifed white home-buyers. The prospective minority home seeker will endure less or a lack of assistance from lenders, a choice between less suitable housing or staying in their current situation, and are forced to pay higher premiums for housing insurance. Housing discriminaton of minorities affects their social mobility, which in turn affects the quality of education thier childern are likely to recieve because they are being steered towards inner-city residental areas with a high minority population and lower property values for the homes located in those areas.

Education
As previous stated in the section on Housing discrimination, Institutionalized racism is a self perpetuating cycle that effects a where a person lives, the quality of education they will receive, and occupational mobility they will attain. Educational racism is influenced by housing discrimination in that the quality of the school system is dependent on the property taxes collected from the surrounding residental areas that comprise the school district. Jeffrey Gettlemen's article titled, The Segregated Classrooms of a Proudly Diverse School, illustrates a prime example of what is known a tracking or in the case of the article "leveing". Tracking is defined as a process where educators evaluate students and then place them in programs with a curriculum that supposedly is appropriate for their abilities. Tracking is an institution most commonly practiced among affluent public school districts, however; a form a tracking does exist among lower income school districts. It is evident when the faculty of these schools do not provided the need assistance to the students, the teachers are not prepared for the social conditions in which their students live, and when students are placed in a lower achieving curriculm where their needs are not properly assessed to qualify their placement within a lower tracked program. The placement of minority students into tracking systems or ill equppied publics schools affects their upward mobility into post-secondary education; this in turn affects the likely out come of a minority student working in either a bule or white collared occupation. Minority students who have fulfilled the requirements to move on to a higher institution of learning are now faced with the obstcale of admitance into a distinguished university that will allow for the access to capital need in the corporate sector.

Corporate Racism
The ideals of corporate racism is that it is no longer an obvious practice as it once was over 50 years ago. Racism in coporate America has taken to be associated with the term "passive racism". This term is meant to descibe behavior enacted by whites in management positions towards blacks seeking employment; this behavior is evident when comparing qualified black and white applicants against one another. In Brief's et. al., article he describes an emerging form of racism as "new racsim", in which blatant forms of bigotry are no longer socially accpetable and where racist behavior is only exhibited when deemed necessary. Brief et. al., explains that in terms of the corporate world predominatly white consumers would be more responsive to a white sales associate than an associate of a minority race; this reflects that management will decline a qualified minority applicant base for the distain for working with them, but can produce other non-self reflecting reasonings as to way the minority applicant was not hired. The premise behind low minority employment in the executive and management is that to achieve maximum productivity from those employed by the company, then the employees must "fit" cohesively. This meaning that the employees possess similar characteristics such as race to create a productive work environment. Corporate racism is the instituational practice of maintain the ideal normality of the upper divisons within corporations, it is the overall apperance of equal opportunity for all races while containing a hiden distain for minority mobility with in the corporate secor. Corporate racism affects the livable wages of minority workers, due to thier lack of mobility within their given occupation. Management styles are reflective of executive policies in which the image of whiteness must be maintain in areas where there is high consumer interaction; minorities are then faced with the demeaning jobs that will prevent consumer interaction. Institutionalized racism is a cycle that includes housing and education along with corporate racsim, it reflects the adaptation of racism within the society to maintain an already deeply established system of inequality.

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