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'''ULUGH BEG ARTICLE ''' These are all brief summarizations that I took while reading my sources. I made additions and changes to this information when I added it to the article, so this may not include everything I contributed.

Image: This is the observatory built by Ulugh Beg in the 1420s located in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. The site was later rediscovered by Russian archaeologists in 1908.

Image: This is a picture of the Ulugh Beigh crater on the moon, which was named after Ulugh Beg.

http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam6.html Killed by his son Abd-al-Latif in 1449 •	http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-latif-mirza-sultan-timurid-ruler-in-samarqand-1449-50 o	Abd-al-Latif recruited an army to meet Ulugh Beg and his army on the Oxus (Amu Darya) o	Ulugh Beg had to retreat as a result of the turmoil taking place in Samarqand o	Abd-al-Latif was soon in Samarqand and Ulugh Beg was forced to surrender to his son. 	Latif condemned his father to death in addition to murdering Abd-al-Aziz, his only brother Ulugh Beg is recognized as the most important observational astronomer from the 15th century.

Astronomy piqued his interest from an early age after he visited what was still present of the Maragha Observatory, which was where the well-known astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi practiced.

Observatory •	Among a variety of instruments located at the observatory, Fakhri sextant was the largest instrument at the observatory in Samarqand (image already in the article) o	Its purpose was to measure the transit altitudes of the stars o	It was only possible to use this device to measure the decline of natural objects in space

https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/08/aa19596-12.pdf Ulugh Beg composed a star catalogue consisting of 1018 stars, which is eleven less stars than are present in the star catalogue of Ptolemy •	Beg utilized dimensions from al-Sufi and based his star catalogue on a new analysis that was autonomous from the data used by Ptolemy.

https://academic-eb-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Ul%C5%ABgh-Beg/74183 Ulugh Beg was enthusiastic about arts and intellectual activities that were present in the community. •	During his short stint as the ruler of the Timurid dynasty of Iran, the community achieved its cultural peak due to the attention and concern Beg had for this area of development Samarqand, captured and given to Beg by his father, was made the headquarters of Muslim culture Throughout his life as an astronomer, he came to realize that there were multiple mistakes in the work of Ptolemy that had been in use for many years He failed to get a firm grip on his power as ruler and was soon killed by his son after •	Other rulers around him, including his family, took advantage of his lack of control and conquered his dynasty

https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/obser.html He succeeded his father to be the ruler of the empire, but was quickly ousted as ruler and was subsequently beheaded in 1449. The lower part of the large sextant still remains at the observatory (pictured on the side) •	Used to measure the angle above the horizon of various celestial bodies His observatory was the most pervasive and well-known observatory in the Islamic world It is thought that he spoke 5 languages: Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Mongolian, and a small amount of Chinese Qadi Zada al-Rumi was the most notable teacher at Ulugh Beg’s madrasa and Jamshid al-Kashi, another astronomer, came to join the staff later

'''ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS ''' Origin of the Cosmos: Anaximenes differed from his predecessors (Thales and Anaximander) in what he considered to be the essential element in the world. He was keen on finding a way to explain the source of existence without incorporating supernatural gods. According to Anaximenes, air was the essential building block for everything in the world. He thought it gave life to the world similar to the way the soul gives life to an individual (Mark, 2009). He also believed that air was everlasting and lives eternally, so it takes the place of the previous deities (Britannica, 2016). He claimed that air could give rise to so many different objects because of the variety of densities that air is found in. He ordered the elements with increasing density. Anaximenes asserts that when air is less dense, it is fire and as the density increases, it can become wind, the clouds, and in its highest density, air becomes water. Air also experiences different characteristics in accordance with the varying densities. When air is in its less dense form, it experiences hot and dry characteristics. However, when air is in its more dense form, cold and wet characteristics are present (Britannica, 2016).

Explanation for Lunar Eclipse: Anaximenes had his own theory to explain a lunar eclipse. He believed that the moon was lit by its own light instead of the light from the sun. According to Anaximenes, the explanation for a lunar eclipse was that some type of Earth-like objects would pass in between the moon and the Earth, causing an eclipse. He said these objects were unseen and that’s how he referred to them (Bicknell, 1969).

Religion: According to the resources that have been found, it is not known whether Anaximenes was atheist, but there are no theological references in any of his work. One of his main interests was focusing on finding a way to explain the natural world and how it exists without referring to supernatural gods (Mark, 2009).