User:Tino Cannst/PL

Upper Silesia
In Upper Silesia, German-speaking families who had arrived during Ostsiedlung often switched to Polish during the 15th century. Towns, nobility and rural areas became Polish-speaking

After the victory over the Teutonic Order, citizenry of the Teutonic state party Polonized. Polonization also advanced for trade guilds in Greater Poland which had been exclusively German-speaking.

In a subcommittee for the German-Czech border, the American delegation proposed a border correction such that Eger, Rumburg, Friedland, and Freiwaldau should become part of Germany because of their half a million German-speaking inhabitants. Also the British David Lloyd George initially called for a rectification of the German-Bohemian border, but surrendered to Clemenceau's intention to keep down the Germans. In stark contrast, David Lloyd George had required that Polish-German border situation in Upper Silesia and Mazuria, be solved by holding referenda were called upon.

Czech nationalism had grown as the Bohemian lands modernized and intellectually was developed from a historical revivalism promoted by middle-class intellectuals who were inspired by German Romantic thought Czech nationalism.

Anne Klammt und Sébastien Rossignol (Hg.) Mittelalterliche Eliten und Kulturtransfer östlich der Elbe Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu Archäologie und Geschichte im mittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa

Grischa Vercamer: Der Übergang der prußischen Stammeseliten in die Schicht der ‚Freien’ unter der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens und der Kulturtransfer von der ‚deutschen’ auf die prußische Kultur.

in der Kom- turei Elbing wurden Pfarrkirchen (mit Ausnahme von einem prußischen Ort [Lo- cken]) nur in den deutschen Hufenzinsdörfern und Städten angelegt, obwohl ge- nauso viel prußische Dörfer, wie deutsche existierten

Beuthen war nun auf drei Seiten von polnischem Territorium umgeben. So führte die Straßenbahnlinie nach Zabrze über Rudahammer nun über polnisches Gebiet, das ohne Halt durchfahren werden musste.

Autor X, Autor Y: ''Titel. Untertitel. In: Zeitschrift.'' Band/Jahrgang, Nr. X, Jahr,, S. X–Y

Germanization
Historians have also noted that neither Ostsiedlung nor the politics of the Teutonic Order included deliberate Germanization, which in pre-national times was beyond imagination.

The Teutonic Order did however not deliberately pursue Germanization.

This is corroborated by the fact that Order's politics also resulted in Polonization in some arof the Teutonic State. {{efn|"The agricultural region of Warmia skirting the sea was settled by Germans and Germanized Baltic Prussians while the southern, forested area (together with Olsztyn), was occupied by settlers who arrived from neighboring Poland. Polish settlers were brought in greatest numbers to take possession of villages abandoned after the destructive wars of 1454-1466 and 1520-1521. As administrator of the chapter lands, Copernicus was actively involved in bringing the Poles to Warmia. He visited the villages and kept a careful register of the peasants who settled here. Surrounded by Polish villages, the urban population of southern Warmia was swiftly Polonized." {{cite book|title=The Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of his Birth 1473–1973|author=B. Biékowska|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year= 06.12.2012|pages=4}}; {{cite book|first=Jörg|last= Hackmann|title=Ostpreußen und Westpreußen in deutscher und polnischer Sicht - Landeshistorie als beziehungsgeschichtliches Problem|year=1996|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|place=Wiesbaden|pages=231}} Daran anschließend schilderte er die Besiedlung, Bevölkerung, Religion sowie die Verfassung Preußens, wobei er sowohl Germanisierungs- wie Polonisierungsprozesse registrierte"; {sfn|Hackmann|p=132}}: Prußische Bevölkerung überall der „lebenskräftigeren Nationalität" erlag, „und je nachdem diese deutsch oder polnisch war, wurden die Preußen germanisiert oder polonisiert.}}

Czech occupation
EDIT: After the declaration that part of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia as parts of German-Austria, the Czechs strove to secure all of Bohemia for the arising Czech and Slovak national state.

page 199 Die Bildung der Sudetenprovinzen ließ der tschechoslowakischen Seite schließlich kaum eine ander Wahl zur Durchsetzung ihres anlässlich der Eröffnung der tschechoslowakischen Nationalverammlung von Ministerpräsident Arel Kramar ernte bekräftigten Anspruches auf Integritöt der böhmischen Länder. ... Auch die österreichische Anschlussproklmation an Deutschland und die damit drohende Einkreiung von drei Seiten bestärkten den Wunsch nach territorialer Abrundung des tschecholsokakischen Staatgebiets.

page 100 Czech political leaders claimed the entire Bohemian crown lands, including majority German-speaking areas, for Czechoslovakia. In the nineteenth century, Czech nationalist activists had used Bohemia’s historical status as an independent kingdom to argue for Bohemian states rights (Staatsrecht/státní pravo) within the Habsburg Empire. [...]

Changing Places: Society, Culture, and Territory in the Saxon-Bohemian Borderlands, 1870-1946 Cover Caitlin Murdock University of Michigan Press, 20.04.2010

EDIT: By the end of October, bilingual towns had been occupied by Czech forces. By end of November, many purely German-speaking towns had been occupied. Czechosloval rule over the German-speaking areas was thus a fait accompli.

Neither the German central government nor the Austrian government, nor, in particular, the government of neighboring Saxony, supported self-defense of the Bohemian Germans, intending to keep peace.

p 197-198: Achon am 0. Otober 1918 erreichten den Statsrat erste Meldungen über die teschcische und südslawische bestzug zweisrpchiger orte entlang der Sprachgrenze. KAum war der Entschluß zu den Provinzgründungen publik,

p103- But Czechoslovak leaders also followed up their territorial and political claims with action. They assembled an army and occupied the Bohemian borderlands. [...] By mid-December, the borderlands were firmly under Czechoslovak control. A Czechoslovak state with the historic borders of the Bohemian crown was a fait accomplit.

page 199: Die tschechoslowakische Regierung wußte außerdem nach dem Zeugnis des stets gut informierten Opočenský, daß die reichsdeutsche sozialistische Regierung der deutschböhmischen Landesregierung militärische Hilfe verweigerte.

page 197: Schon am 30. Oktober 1918 erreichten den Staatsrat erste Meldungen über die tschechische und südslawische Besetzung zweisprachiger Orte entlang der Sprachgrenze (..). Schulen zweisprachiger Gemeinden wurden tschechisiert, die deutschen Lehrer entlassen.

111: he Czechs succeeded partly because they were better armed and organized than their German-Bohemian opponents but also because persistent nonational loyalties among borderland residents and of‹cials in Bohemia and Saxony reinforced the claims to historical boundaries.

exc
page XX Ein Komminuque des deutschen Generalkommandos in Dresden von 5. November 1918 beruhigte die sächsischen Grenzbewohner dass "die Tschchechoslowaken Ruhe halten und auch mit den Deutschböhmen ein Einvernehmen auf freiliher Grundladen gfunden haben."

Die sächsische Regierung vereigerte selbst die von Duetschösterreuc - Staatsekretät Otto Bauer -erbetenen Waffenlieferungen zur AUssztattung er neuen deuscthösterreichischen olkwehr owie die dringend erforderlichjen Lenesmittel

By the summer of 1918, they were united in declaring a Czechoslovak staczechoslovak army 1918 occupy german-speakingte whose western borders followed the historic frontiers of the Bohemian kingdom and whose eastern boundaries in Slovakia were de‹ned in ethnolinguistic terms.

Die AUsweitung des Konliketes zum förmlcihen Krieg zschen Deutschösterreich und der Tschechoslowkaie war jedoch mit den desamtsataatlichen Zielen unvereinbar. Deutchöterreich unterstand den bedingungen des Wafenstillstande während anderesieit die Tschehsolwakei zu den verbündeten Siegersaaten zählte und daher ihre Armee als ENtenteheer laut Waffenstilland Beweungsfreiheit un ganuz Ö-U genoss.s

p 107:

As Czechoslovak troops began occupying northern Bohemia in November, prewar nationalists’ assertions that Czechs wanted to seize the Saxon Oberlausitz and undermine the German national character of the Saxon as well as the Bohemian borderlands suddenly appeared reasonable. The rhetoric intensi‹ed Saxon concerns about their German-Bohemian

Nationalist rhetoric de‹ned the public face of the border patrols. The German government explained that patrols were intended to control smug- gling and to discourage an Entente invasion if peace talks stalled. But within Saxony, the new border controls were framed in nationalist terms. The Saxon Military Ministry and press, among others, argued that military protection was imperative to guard against Czech invasion.115 Volunteers for the border patrols were recruited with propaganda calling on men to defend Germany’s borders against the Slavic threat. One recruitment ›ier from January 1919 proclaime

110: The Saxon government tried to ease tensions with Czechoslovakia but was often frustrated. It refused to allow the German-Bohemian provincial government in Liberec/Reichenberg ahead of Czechoslovak occupation, to establish headquarters in Dresden and spread unrest in Bohemia.