User:Tintero21/Chronography

Legend

 * 1) Josephus (c. AD 75). The Jewish War.
 * 2) Suetonius (c. AD 121). Life of the Caesars.
 * 3) Theophilus (c. 180) To Autolycus.
 * 4) Clement (c. AD 200) Stromata.
 * 5) Hippolytus (234). Chronicon.
 * 6) Dio (c. 350). Historia Romana.
 * 7) Filocalus (354). Chronograph of 354.
 * 8) Jerome-Eusebius (c. 380). Chronicon. [GB]
 * 9) Eutropius (c. 380). Abridgement of History.
 * 10) Epiphanius (392) On Weights and Measures.
 * 11) Historia Augusta (5th century)
 * 12) Malalas (6th century)
 * 13) Chronicon Paschale (7th century). GB
 * 14) Laterculus Malalianus (7th century). IA
 * 15) Symeon (10th century). GB
 * 16) Chronicon Altinate (13th century) GB
 * 17) Kodinos (15th century)

Julius Caesar

 * 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC = 56 years lacking 4 months
 * 9 August 48 BC – 15 March 44 BC = 3 years, 7 months, 6 day 

This is one of the only correct numbers given by the Chronograph of 354. The number "4" (δ̅) may just be a corruption of "7" (ζ̅), which look similar in Greek.

John Malalas (IX), quite boldly, writes that "the Roman state was administred formerly by consuls, for 464 years until Julius Caesar the dictator ... Julius Caesar the dictator, that is, monarch, controlled everything arrogantly and as a usurper for 18 years". In his first statement he dates his rule from the Battle of Munda of 45 BC, but in the latter he dates it from 62 BC, which can only refer to Caesar's appointment as pontifex maximus, before his actual rise to power.

Augustus

 * 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14 = 75 years, 10 months, 27 days, or 76 years lacking 35 days. He died on Nola.
 * 15 March 44 BC = 57 years, 5 months, 4 days
 * 21 April 43 BC = 56 years, 4 months lacking 2 days
 * 19 August 43 BC = 56 years
 * 27 November 43 BC – 2 September 31 BC = 11 years, 9 months, 6 days
 * 2 September 31 BC = 43 years, 11 months, 17 / 44 years lacking 13 dats
 * 30 July 30 BC = 43 days, 20 days

Tangent: Theophilus chronology

When Cyrus, then, had reigned twenty-nine years [correct; 559–530 BC], and had been slain by Tomyris in the country of the Massagetæ, this being in the 62d Olympiad [year 3; correct], then the Romans began to increase in power, God strengthening them, Rome having been founded by Romulus, the reputed child of Mars and Ilia, in the 7th Olympiad [almost correct; 753 BC was the last year of the 6th Olympiad], on the 21st day of April, the year being then reckoned as consisting of ten months. Cyrus, then, having died, as we have already said, in the 62d Olympiad, this date falls 220 a.u.c. [exactly 224], in which year also Tarquinius, surnamed Superbus, reigned over the Romans... He reigned twenty-five years [correct; 534–509 BC]. After him yearly consuls were introduced, tribunes also and ediles for 453 years, whose names we consider it long and superfluous to recount [actually 461; there an additional 9 years without consuls according to Festus, 509–48 BC]. For if any one is anxious to learn them, he will ascertain them from the tables which Chryserus the nomenclator compiled: he was a freedman of Aurelius Verus, who composed a very lucid record of all things, both names and dates, from the founding of Rome to the death of his own patron, the Emperor Verus [ Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, born Marcus Annius Verus].

There are exactly 461 years between 509 and 48 BC, the beginning of Caesar’s sole rule; or 466 years between 509 BC and 43 BC, the beginning of Octavian’s rule. Festus actually appears to have noted the mistake of Theophilus, but instead of changing the computation he explains that there were 9 (actually 8) years without consuls: “For nine years, consuls were lacking in Rome, thus: for two years Rome was under decemvirs, for three years under military tribunes, and for four years without magistrates”. Rome had two years with decemvirs, but the first one did have a couple of consuls. The four years without magistrates must refer to the “dictator years” of the Fasti Capitolini, but the figure of 3 years makes no sense at all. Festus considers Octavian as the first emperor, hence why he says “467 years” instead of “453”. [ see Festus' chronicle] Clement's chronology

And nothing, in my opinion, after these details, need stand in the way of stating the periods of the Roman emperors, in order to the demonstration of the Saviour's birth... In all, from Augustus to Commodus, are two hundred and twenty-two years [correct; inclusive from 43 BC]; and from Adam to the death of Commodus, five thousand seven hundred and eighty-four years, two months, twelve days [i.e. AD 1 = AM 5592]...

From Julius Cæsar [actually Augustus], therefore, to the death of Commodus, are two hundred and thirty-six years, six [five] months [August 43 BC – December AD 192]. And the whole from Romulus, who founded Rome, till the death of Commodus, amounts to nine hundred and fifty-three years, six months [944 years, 8 months]...

This both the prophet spake, and the gospel. Accordingly, in fifteen years of Tiberius and fifteen years of Augustus; so were completed the thirty years till the time He suffered. And from the time that He suffered till the destruction of Jerusalem are forty-two years and three months [i.e. he died on May 29 (inclusive), i.e. was born in 2 BC]; and from the destruction of Jerusalem to the death of Commodus, a hundred and twenty-eight years, ten months, and three days [WRONG; 122 years 4 years 23 days]. From the birth of Christ, therefore, to the death of Commodus are, in all, a hundred and ninety-four years, one month, thirteen days [correct if inclusive, but only the years; 194 years 6 months 6 days]. And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day; and they say that it took place in the twenty-eighth year of Augustus [2 BC; from 31 BC], and in the twenty-fifth day of Pachon [25 June].

Tiberius

 * 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37 = 77 years, 4 months
 * 19 August AD 14 = 22 years, 6 months, 25 days / 7 months lacking 4 days
 * 17 September AD 14 = 22 years, 5 months, 27 days / 6 months lacking 1 day

Caligula

 * 31 August 12 – 24 January 41 = 28 years, 7 months, 24 days
 * 16 March 37 = 3 years, 10 months, 8 days