User:Tkoko28/Health Inequality in the United Kingdom

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 * According to the 2011 Census, there were 19.5% ethnic minority groups in England and Wales, which included Black Africans, Indians, Pakistani, Chinese and others (pg 37)

There are various factors affecting the health of ethnic minorities within the UK due to health inequalities.


 * On a global scale, there have been a few studies and reports done over the years in regard to the variations in health across ethnic groups. Results often describe which ethnic groups are at a higher risk of certain health conditions. However, these findings are generalized and may not reflect specific differences within the ethnic minority groups.

The term "BAME" is often used however, the use of this term can be problematic for various reasons, such as an indicating power relations and also having a focus on skin colour. Therefore, this article will use the term ethnic minorities.


 * Within the UK, according to the 1999 Health Survey for England, minorities are more likely to report unfavorable health status in comparison to the majority population.

Furthermore, there are numerous factors that may be the cause for these inequalities. Amongst these factors are various social determinants which include living in socio-economic disadvantaged neighbourhoods which impacts on having a lack of finances and resources and poor-quality housing. Additionally, psychosocial determinants also have an impact. This includes impact on mental and physical health.

The generalized nature of these findings can result in assumptions based on cultural and ethnic stereotypes.

Covid-19 Impact
The spread of the COVID-19 virus has impacted the lives of ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. Ethnic groups have been found to be at a higher risk of certain health conditions and, according to the 1999 Health Survey for England, minorities are more likely to report unfavorable health status in comparison to the majority population. In addition, minorities have a higher risk of contracting the virus due in part to living and working in more dangerous conditions than the White population in the UK.

These factors indicated an increased chance of ethnic minorities having worse reactions after being infected with COVID-19 than other ethnic groups. This conclusion was confirmed and reflected in mortality studies that reveal ethnic groups have up to a 50% greater chance of dying from the virus in comparison to the White British population.

At lower-level occupational fields that are more likely to have contact with infected individuals, 20% of the workers are part of a minority. Ethnic minorities were also at a greater risk of losing their job, leading to financial struggles. When comparing the living condition of minorities versus the majority population, it has been reported that minorities are living in more crowded homes. Overcrowded homes make it easier for COVID-19 to spread among the community, which increases the negative impact and outcomes of the virus within minority groups.

The previous encounters of minorities with the health system in the UK have also impacted the lives of many during the pandemic. Further study has proven that minorities have claimed to have unpleasant experiences with public healthcare as opposed to other ethnic groups. The Unfavorable experiences of ethnic groups have led to a decrease in the presence of ethnic minorities in hospitals. Overall, the pandemic has had a negative measurable effect on the ethnic minorities in the UK.

Socio-economic status
A gradient of inequalities in society exists, there is a relationship between health in England and Wales for those who have socio- economic status in comparison to those who do not. The better a person's position in society, regarding a person's occupation, housing condition and education, the better their health is likely to be.

Unemployment has been associated with rates of morbidity and mortality as well as poor work settings.

Health inequalities are influence by finances and resources. Inequalities in income impact on health inequalities. The financial situation of a person influences choices that impact on their health, food that they buy as well as choices that they make regarding their lifestyle, such as fitness and exercise.

Individuals living in poorer areas are likely to experience health inequalities which impacts on life span, not only is it likely to impact on life expectancy but it also has an effect on quality of life. Housing and neighbourhood conditions are also crucial determinants of health Factors including pollution and living in damp conditions contributes to respiratory health conditions