User:Tmshates/sandbox

From the Tool page
Up until recently, weapons found in digs were the only tools of “early man” that were studied and given importance. Now, more tools are recognized as culturally relevant. As well as hunting, other activities required tools such as preparing food, “…nutting, leatherworking, grain harvesting and woodworking…” Included in this group are “flake stone tools (which may or may not have been used more commonly by women)."  This recognition in other tools used by early people is attributed to the addition of feminist perspective in anthropology and archaeology.

“Man the hunter” as the catalyst for Hominin change has been questioned. Based off of marks on the bones at archaeological sites, it is now more evident that pre-humans were scavenging off of other predator’s carcasses rather than killing their own food.

For Premenstrual Syndrome page
The anthropologist Emily Martin argues that PMS is a cultural phenomenon that continues to grow in a positive feedback loop. Also, the studies on PMS will either tell women that PMS is detrimental to their work capabilities depending on whether the need for women in the work force is strong (historically during wartime when men are away) or if women are being relegated to home life (when men return from war and once again desire work). At the time that women were being forced back into the home after WWI, the symptoms of PMS and menstruation were considered more debilitating than during WWII, when it was not a “liability after all.” In general, wartime triggers studies that diminish the impacts of PMS in women's lives, whereas inter-wartime studies promote the idea of PMS being a large, monthly obstacle in women's lives.

For the Linnaeus page
Today, there is more dispute on Linnaeus’ term “Mammalia” which means “of the breast.” His choice of wording reflects his views on social issues of his day (“women’s role in the state, their rights as wives and mothers, their access to education and the professions, and the structure of women’s health care”) because it prioritizes a sexual trait that he believed dictated the natural role of females in society. Focusing on this trait shows an intent (most likely unconscious) to further naturalize the idea that women's role in society is to be nurturers and caregivers and that it is unnatural to pursue education or other occupations.

for the Science Studies page ALL OF THIS GOT TAKEN DOWN. I GUESS NOW I WILL BE TRYING TO MAKE A NEW PAGE. HELP.
Science studies has revealed that although claiming objectivity, science is subjective in that it favors “elitist, gendered and racist stances (whether overt, covert, or unintentional).” This is seen in the origin of modern science. These patriarchal ideas were passed down from Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, who held beliefs that women were inherently inferior to men. The result of modern science being built around these ideas is that “major metaphors and symbols of Western civilization incorporated the assumption of female subordination and inferiority.” Anthropologist Emily Martin mentions in her work the metaphors of women being mindless machines and men being operators/workers in the medical field’s understanding of childbirth.

Sociology of science, history and philosophy of science have been blended together to create “science and technology studies,” or “STS.” There is a lot of overlap and shared information between this field and the feminist critique of science. In these fields, there is a general understanding that “problems identified with science have cultural bases.”

adding a new section to science studies page on feminist science studies
The field of Feminist Science Studies was started in the 1970’s by women scientists who left the laboratory in order to study and criticize the methods and content of science. An important aspect of this field is that there is a goal to improve science by bringing to light “implicit assumptions that underlie standard scientific descriptions and interpretations”;  the study is trying to make science better and bring attention to the abundance of cultural influence in science that does not come from the data but is “filled” in by the scientist.

Notable feminist science critics are Ruth Hubbard, Bonnie Spanier, Evelyn Fox-Keller, Anne Fausto-Sterling and many others. The field requires an interdisciplinary approach; for example, Spanier has a “background of classical biology, and biochemistry, molecular biology, history and social study of science, and feminism…”

Currently, the broadest textbook for a typical course in feminist science studies is Londa Schiebinger’s Has feminism changed science? In it, she reviews contributions to various fields by feminist perspectives. Schiebinger states that the book is written around 3 issues: “the first treats the history and sociology of women in science, the second treats gender in the cultures of science, and the third treats gender in the content of science.”

In regards to her work on feminist science studies, Evelyn Fox Keller wrote: "It may have taken the lens of feminist theory to reveal the popular association of science, objectivity, and masculinity as a statement about the social rather than natural (or biological) world… given existence by language rather than bodies… But to see how such culturally laden language could contribute to the shaping of science takes a different kind of lens. That requires… a recognition of the social character (and force) of the enterprise we call “science,” a recognition quite separable from – and in fact, historically independent of the insights of contemporary feminism."

for the Cytoplasm page
The cytoplasm, mitochondria and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. There is considerably less research and understanding on cytoplasmic inheritance/maternal inheritance and mitochondrial DNA compared to the cell nucleus and genomic DNA. Historically, there has been neglect of researching whatever has been labeled female or feminine. The cytoplasm is one organelle that has been labeled feminine. The cytoplasm/nucleus being labeled as feminine/masculine follows the example of egg/sperm being gendered; both cytoplasm and egg are considered nonresistant to the efforts and pursuits of the active nucleus and sperm. The "passivity of the egg becomes the passivity of the cytoplasm." Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active, new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by "viscoplastic behavior and... a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakadge within the cytoplasmic network."

Not yet published
4. Add to the Leptoglossus zonatus page

Alarm pheromones (defensive secretions) characterized as simple aldehydes and esters Millar, J. G. (2005). Pheromones of True Bugs. The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II SE - 2, 240, 37–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98315

sources http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74168.html Host preference and development of Leptoglossus zonatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on satsuma mandarin A possible territorial or recognition behavior of Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Heteroptera, Coreidae)

They overwinter in aggregations on juniper, eucalyptus, cypress and woodpiles before becoming spring and summer pests in gardens and agricultural crops. L. zonatus is a highly polyphagous insect; it can eat, develop on and utilize a range of plants as hosts. They are primarily pests on fruit and nut crops - including citrus, solanaceous plants (tomato), pomegranates and rosaceous plants (peaches, almonds). In the gulf region of the United States of America, they are pests of satsuma oranges. In Brazil, they are pests on corn.