User:Tnaveed/Rumex britannica/Bibliography

General Description
Rumex britannica is a flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae.(Buckwheat family) (perennial).

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Anthrophyta

Class: Dicotyledoneae Order: Polygonales

Family: Polygonaceae

Genus: Rumex

Common names: Great water dock

Scientific name: Rumex orbiculatus Gray

Flower

The flower consists of branching clusters that emerge from the uppermost part of the plant. The branches are decorated with whorls of 15-25 slim-stalked flowers, These are usually accumulated by the branch tips and become increasingly separated the further away they are located from the branch tip. These flowers are approximately ¼ inch long, with green and pink coloration, 3 sided along with 2 sets of tepal ( the inner being tepals being much larger than the outer). The three inner valves (tepals) are egg-shaped to pseudo spherical in shape with differentiating veins across their surface. The edges vary from smooth to wavy and even jagged. The base of each inner tepal consists of a projection termed a grain which in length, measures at about ½ of the tepal, a lance-oblong which generally is tapering to a sharp tip, with the 3 tepals having identically sized grains. At the time of flowering tepals are spreading, demonstrating their stamens and styles and proceed to retract during pollination. At twice the length of inner tepals at flowering time, flower stalks are petite and smooth while possessing an obscure joint in the lower third.

Leaves and Stems

The leaves are found to be in both the basal and alternate. With a hairless, smooth  to barely scalloped on its edges. They are also seen to have lateral veins that are almost perpendicular to the midvein. Basal leaves are lance-oblong in nature with a length of 1-2 feet and about 3 inches wide. They are also flat or sometimes wavy, and their tips end bluntly or sharply, wedge shaped to linear across the foundation which is found at the stalk which is equal in length to the blade. New leaves form erect, and rolled with the edge which proceed to unravel and are red to bronzy orange in appearance.

While ascending the stem the leaves become smaller, tapering at both ends and sharper at the tip, while also being shortly stalked and more crinkled around the edge.

A paper-like sheath called the ocrea which is brownish in appearance is located at the foundation of the leaf stalk while surrounding the stem and disintegrates with maturity.

The stems of the plant are plump, erect, and for the most part, unbranched except in flower clusters, ridged and hairless.

Fruit

Single seeds emerge from the flower of the plant which are wrapped in tepals, which form a pod-like structure which proceed to dry and decolorize to brown.

The seeds are 3 sided, oval- to egg shaped with short tapering at the end. They are also reddish brown, and measure to be about 3 to 4.5 mm long.

Ecology:

During late spring through the summer this plant blooms. The height of this plant is approximately three to six feet.

Northeast and North Midwest of North America. Many regions of the Northeast are native to the plant. California primarily has the plant as a native species.

The habitat in which Rumex britannica thrives in is wetland areas. Areas that are alongside rivers, lakes, or even swamps may have the presence of the plant.

This plant type was used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. One of the medicinal purposes the plant holds is treatment for skin related diseases.

Plants within an ecosystem work directly with animals. One of the main purposes plants directly relate to animals is through the process of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants are able to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. For the plant Rumex britannica, insects rely on the seed and root of the plant. Birds also use this plant as a source of food in a swamp ecosystem. For example, Swamp Sparrow feed off of Rumex Britannica. Birds that are granivorous feed on grains. The swamp sparrow feeds on the seeds of the plant.

Conservation efforts:

In the United States, Rumex britannica is secure and is currently not facing any signs of plant population decline.. Rumex Britannica does not fall under the US Endangered Species Act. It also does not fall under Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COCOSEWIC)