User:Tnoakleypstcc/sandbox

'''Phase 1 & 2 ''' History of syphilis

Fact: There were originally no effective treatments for syphilis, although a number of remedies were tried.

Gall, Gabriella Eva Cristina, et al. “Quarantine as a Public Health Measure Against an Emerging Infectious Disease: Syphilis in Zurich at the Dawn of the Modern Era (1496-1585).” GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, vol. 11, German Medical Science GMS Publishing House, 2016, pp. Doc13–Doc13, doi:10.3205/dgkh000273.

DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000273

Quote: Prior to the discovery of penicillin, treatment of syphilis with soluble salts of mercury remained a mainstay of medical cures up to the nineteenth and early twentieth century [31], [32]. However, it is certain that treatment with mercury had significant toxic side effects [31]. The 16th century methods of “smoking” and “sweating” would have the effect of increasing body temperature.

'''Phase 3  ' Shockman, Solomon, MD, et al. “Syphilis in the United States.” Clinics in Dermatology, vol. 32, no. 2, Elsevier Inc, 2014, pp. 213–18, doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.005. This source brings up the fact of homosexual minorities being the majority of syphilis cases. This shows that unlike the wikipedia page says, it is not mainly female sex workers. The fact of increased rates of syphilis in homosexual minorities helps to explain why this disease has continued to be an issue.

Caplan, Arthur L. “When Evil Intrudes.” The Hastings Center Report, vol. 22, no. 6, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1992, pp. 29–32, doi:10.2307/3562946. This source backs up the story behind the ending of the Tuskegee study of syphilis, in much more detail. It shows the racial abuse and covers all aspects of ethics behind this study and how the truth came out. This adds value to the History of Syphilis wikipedia page because it goes in depth of how the black, poor men were abused in this study and how it had an effect on medical research in the United States today.

'''Phase 4 '''

Fact: "The increasing rates of syphilis are now mainly seen in men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those with HIV. The estimated percentage of P&S syphilis cases imputable to MSM in 2000 was 7%. In 2004, that estimation rose to 64%.10 These numbers are estimates, because it was not until 2005 that the CDC started officially tracking sexual orientation for patients with P&S syphilis. Despite this, the increase in incidence of syphilis in MSM can be extrapolated even before 2005 by observing the disproportionate increase in male patients. In 2010, among MSM with syphilis, 25.0% had primary syphilis, and 75.0% had secondary syphilis at the time of reporting"

Summarized sentence: Recent studies have shown a drastic estimated increase of 64% in 2004, compared to 7% in 2000 of syphilis cases in homosexual men.

Practice edit: Until that time, as Fracastoro notes, syphilis had been called the "French disease" (Italian: mal francese) in Italy, Malta,[29] Poland and Germany, and the "Italian disease" in France. In addition, the Dutch called it the "Spanish disease", the Russians called it the "Polish disease", and the Turks called it the "Christian disease" or "Frank (Western European) disease" (frengi). These "national" names were generally reflective of contemporary political spite between nations and frequently served as a sort of propaganda; the Protestant Dutch, for example, fought and eventually won a war of independence against their Spanish Habsburg rulers who were Catholic, so referring to Syphilis as the "Spanish" disease reinforced a politically useful perception that the Spanish were immoral or unworthy. However, the attributions are also suggestive of possible routes of the spread of the infection, at least as perceived by "recipient" populations. The inherent xenophobia of the terms also stemmed from the disease's particular epidemiology, often being spread by foreign sailors and soldiers during their frequent sexual contact with local prostitutes.[30] Recent studies have shown a drastic estimated increase of 64% in 2004, compared to 7% in 2000 of syphilis cases in homosexual men.

Fact: "Twenty years ago Peter Buxtun, a public health official working for the United States Public Health Service, complained to a reporter for the Associated Press that he was deeply concerned about the morality of an ongoing study being sponsored by the Public Health Service--a study compiling information about the course and effects of syphilis in human beings based upon medical examinations of poor black men in Macon County, Alabama. The men, or more accurately, those still living, had been coming in for annual examinations for forty years. They were not receiving standard therapy for syphilis. In late July of 1972 the Washington Star and the New York Times ran front-page stories based on Buxtun's concerns about what has been called the longest running "nontherapeutic experiment" on human beings in medical history and "the most notorious case of prolonged and knowing violation of subject's rights"- -the Tuskegee study.[1]"

Summarized sentence: Poor black men were targeted and deprived of care for this violative experiment.

Practice edit: In the 1960s, Peter Buxtun sent a letter to the CDC, who controlled the study, expressing concern about the ethics of letting hundreds of black men die of a disease that could be cured. Poor black men were targeted and deprived of care for this violative experiment. The CDC asserted that it needed to continue the study until all of the men had died. In 1972, Buxtun went to the mainstream press, causing a public outcry. As a result, the program was terminated, a lawsuit brought those affected nine million dollars, and Congress created a commission empowered to write regulations to deter such abuses from occurring in the future.[62]