User:Tolerg1/sandbox

United States
Some sources refer to North American obstetricians and gynecologists, especially between the 1950s and 1980s, practicing what was called "the husband's stitch", which is placing extra stitches in the woman's vagina after the epistiotomy or natural tearing, supposedly to increase the husband's future sexual pleasure and often causing long-term pain and discomfort for the woman. However, there is no proof that such a practice was widespread in North America, but mentions of it frequently appear in studies about episiotomy. There has been a more recent highlight on North American doctor's treatment of pregnant women. The more recent idea is that there has been a "redressing" of obstetric violence and the women's right of choice has been compromised in some situations. Although the life of the woman and the fetus is endangered, the woman has the right to refuse care; such as, cesarean section, episiotomy, and vacuum-assisted delivery. Being coerced into having these invasive procedures done has been found to cause long lasting damage, with many women compare the experience to rape.

Mexico
There has been some research done on obstetric violence in Mexico. In 2012, Rosario Santiago and others looked at two public hospitals in Mexico, and analyzed the birthing experiences for a month. What was found is that there was physical abuse, verbal abuse, and discrimination happening openly. The women that were living on government assisted insurance were subjected to the most discrimination from the healthcare professionals.

Tanzania
Tanzania is a country with a history of abuse on women during childbirth. In 2011, Shannon McMahon and others explored whether or not the supposed interventions to lower the rates of abuse during childbirth have been effective. When interviewing women, they referred to their experiences as neutral or better. However, after being shown the different aspects of abuse, an overwhelming majority of the women had actually experienced abuse during childbirth. In 2014, Hannah Ratcliffe and others did a study to explore possible interventions to lower the rates of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. This study was conducted between 2013 and 2014. They implemented an "open birth day" which helped to facilitate communication between patients and providers and to educate women on the procedures surrounding birth. Aside from open birth day, they also implemented a "respectful maternity care workshop" which attempted to help create conversation about respect between staff and patients. What they found was that this approach was successful in helping reconstruct systems while not costing much. There was an increase of 60% in satisfaction with women's delivery experience. During the same time as Ratcliffe's study, Stephanie Kujawaki and others did a comparative study of births had with and without an intervention. The baseline for the study was conducted in 2011-2012 and the final half of the study was conducted in 2015. What they found was that there was a 66% reduction in experiencing abuse and disrespect during childbirth. This study shows that community and health system reforms can change and reshape norms in which women are mistreated during childbirth.

Experience in Facilities
Abuse during childbirth is a culmination of husbands and doctors disrespecting the wishes of the mother, which often results in harm to herself and the child. A study done base on [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271035/1-s2.0-S0165032719X00117/1-s2.0-S0165032719301399/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEE4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDRBqZ%2FShYLS9OnROiFMOa0zDrNAr%2BsQORQ1R%2F%2Ftk5c0wIhAL1Vg1dUzsWRjqYPTG7omz92ayPeK6wXkyllogPa0K42KrQDCEcQAhoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1Igwmkkhe4ykk52%2BfZvAqkQOur%2BEMwPpyZLsjhWJ74%2FtandzMtsai5uudbN8X%2Fu8bR%2BEY6mr%2BKBIbBk0kIeKSZKLciKf2a5gl8o7a3R4eq4FibiAYPUsE5NDUt6xtb0aztJOV%2FZxQSo%2FKrt4g8q9hrbaOieSEW3wmS%2FIX1mPRQkZizUX2IU%2Fqe0kT5A2bSe2sjr0cUHhDTQ1yq%2BD44e5qNfV747jrigQN0302HNVfi4eBxEQhjn%2BVj0ozyGes1wCJzh5YEJvbghB77UxBljG6YWBP26lenkFi0tz5GhEIaW8R8gF3ZFqrqdupQ2%2BvlYyE%2FOvjM7RzpRz4TmscelDBZun8V0K4oGEWq9ysmu4cJWihNbR%2Fs9S2pFAo3zOJQIS0AH4F5jlXNAwMV9AqIGswXYLSC4F2R%2F%2Fn8Elbin3EnxbczhBaLAd9Mgt%2FvlLogWPQZam9j3QdlGRPlHMaSHFRcpPRVwLJ0TlbjuYwTEihhQrfFLugqPfPEDg6LUfCR5sJH5%2Fif6FGXSCj6lvSNlC%2BbjfXyWIbJ9%2B7a9um90m4nGkp4zCUgePzBTrqAetlXv2RXoww8UTdLoVX7qYYa0vNx8vN0614vp71fQbCN8M7G9IOMGWNPGheFa71F%2FOKToJWWy4MSrV2KtzRBc3iq5mpFQBHOK66cSE320NdF%2BF6Iy17387iCLx3LErEQg9ws01aUZjFvQmlzefy3R3cjCjjWurGW9x%2BVt2aOMUeRhDFuA38UoOvg3uoPYEchw9POhGVEZo8Gge%2FTqoB6nAq%2BWo9S25MEuBaubdeH2EJX03BIKB2FLMZFosyyWCWVlW37zpZU8P7shvDLWcvqT5apZ4oMe0i6Cc0%2BCPrcQO3DDYnrYIMKzIy8w%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200323T145708Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYYNWDWISU%2F20200323%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=c47f453857e83351589a3608a76bb1952b0bce52bd1dfc8f46dc8c40de597e87&hash=f263015b3bc461133e35d7ed37e516bb02ad6bd16b23ee64fbef175d06d7d325&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0165032719301399&tid=spdf-6aae9bc6-9aab-4982-80f3-ee83b43d449b&sid=e454c35c9d673340e6993da6321f95271d73gxrqa&type=client 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study], showed the correlation between the violent nature shown towards the women and postpartum depression. The abuse these women suffer isn't always physical and isn't always intentional violence. Some women lack the proper care, face abandonment, or are restricted from receiving the proper care. The abuse cycle does not end with the husband/father. Often times the medical professionals play a big role. Mothers are often forced to undergo unwanted procedures such as the husband's stitch discussed above. Verbal abuse is most commonly found in the healthcare facilities by the healthcare providers. A study published by the Taylor & Francis Group in Ghana recounts the experiences of many women who arrived at a healthcare facility to give birth and were met with a scolding or frightening yelling for various reasons. "Women acknowledged that health care providers often yelled at them because they did not arrive at the health facility with the required items for childbirth (e.g. sanitary pads, mackintosh, soap and baby dresses) or they did not assume the “required” position for childbirth." Mothers are also insulted due to their age. This study focused on women from 15-49; the younger mothers were looked down upon for getting pregnant so young, often times unmarried.

The physical aspect of the abuse is the most concerning. The healthcare providers are by no means gentle or supportive during the labor process. If a woman was unsuccessful in pushing right away nurses and midwives will make diminishing comments followed by slapping or pinching. According to the study those methods were not always considered harmful. Some women believed it was necessary to, "ensure safe child- birth," even if they didn't like being hit. One woman recalls being hit with a cane and slapped on the thigh which made her conscious and able to push correctly. However, more often than not they are left to feel helpless during one of the most high stress moments of their lives due to the apathetic attitude of many of the nurses. Some mothers describe themselves or others going through labor alone because the nurses are all gathered to socialize around a table. When asked about their view on the mistreatment, there were a range of answers going from strong opinions against it to believing it is necessary for a safe birth. Although most mothers prefer to not be mistreated and when asked again if they would return to a healthcare facility some of them stated they would rather do a home birth.

Even though there is still a long way to go there has been a substantial amount of improvement since 1988. "A recent country-wide survey in 2015 indicated that 97% of pregnant women obtained antenatal care from a skilled provider compared to 82% in 1988." When you compare these results with those of other richer countries, they don't look as progressive.

Global Studies
In 2019, the World Health Organization conducted a study involving over 2,000 women from four countries about the abusive experiences they had experienced during childbirth. The World Health Organization surveyed women from Myanmar, Ghana, Guinea, and Nigeria and found that 42% of these women had experienced some type of abuse while giving birth. 14% of the women were found to have been physically abused, meaning they had been hit, slapped, or punched. The women in this study experienced abuse such as 13% of the Cesarean births being conducted without the approval of the mother, and 38% of the women experienced verbal abuse while giving birth, The study found that women were more likely to experience abuse if they had a lower income, or if they had less education. Observers reporting on abuse that they had witnessed matched up with abuse that the women themselves reported. This study shows that abuse during childbirth is still happening all around the world today and is an issue that still needs to be addressed.

This section will be inserted following the section labeled "Countries" which is being edited and added to as well.

One challenge I faced was trying to make sure I was citing everything correctly and not plagiarizing by accident.