User:TomS TDotO/sandbox

Spencer–Weismann debate
Herbert Spencer and August Weismann disputed whether inheritance of acquired characters was a factor in biological evolution, rather than natural selection being adequate as an explanation on its own. Spencer held for inheritance of acquired characters, also called "use and disuse" or "neo-Larmarckism", in addition to natural selection (which he called "survival of the fittest"), while Weismann held for natural selection alone, which position was called "neo-Darwinism" or "ultra-Darwinism" (Darwin himself allowed for inheritance of acquired characters, but he did not participate in the debate). The debate was a long-lasting one, never resolved during the lifetime of the participants, and is generally said to have been settled only with the Modern Synthesis well into the 20th century. Much of the debate was in a series of papers between the two principals in the Contemporary Review with occasional contributions by others, including George Romanes on the side of Spencer, and Alfred Russel Wallace on the side of Weismann.

Cuvier–Geoffroy debate
A public debate was held between Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Georges Cuvier in Paris before the French Royal Academy of Sciences on February 15, 1830 about Geoffroy's theory of homologies as extended to correspondences between invertebrates and vertebrates. Geofroy contended that certain invertebates could be considered as vertebrates upside down or inside out ("every animal is either inside or outside its vertebral column"). The conventional judgment of the outcome was that Cuvier humiliated Geoffroy. The issues were more than scientific. Philosophically, Cuvier maintained that structure determines function, while for Geoffroy function determines structure. Beyond that there were religious, political and social issues.

Huxley–Wilberforce debate
see 1860 Oxford evolution debate

Huxley–Owen debate
A debate whether the organ known as the hippocampus minor (now known as calcar avis) in humans was also present in other primates, in particular, the gorilla. Owen, in response to a challenge by Huxley for a physical distinction between humans and African apes, claimed that the hippocampus minor was unique to humans. The issue was raised, at Owen's suggestion, by Bishop Samuel Wilberforce at the 1860 Oxford evolution debate.

//Category:Debates|Geoffroy-Cuvier debate]]

Primeval history
The Primeval history is the Biblical narrative in the first eleven chapters of the first book, Genesis, covering from the beginning of history up to the birth of Abraham. This comprises the first two weekly Torah readings, Bereshit (parsha) and Noach (parsha). The principle themes of each of the chapters are:


 * Genesis creation narratives
 * Hexameron or six days of creation — chapter 1
 * Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden — chapter 2
 * Fall of man — chapter 3
 * Cain and Abel — chapter 4
 * Genealogies of Genesis
 * The Kenites, progeny of Cain, invention of pastoralism, of music and of metalworking, Lamech, his wives and sons — chapter 4
 * The progeny of Seth including Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech (father of Noah) and Noah — chapter 5
 * Genesis flood narrative
 * Nephilim and building of Noah's Ark — chapter 6
 * Description of the Flood — chapter 7
 * The landing of the Ark on the Mountains of Ararat, dove with olive branch — chapter 8
 * Noachic covenant and rainbow, Curse of Canaan'''— chapter 9
 * Table of Nations or Sons of Noah, Nimrod and Ashur, cities of Babel and Nineveh, "And the Earth was divided" — chapter 10
 * Tower of Babel and continuing Genealogies of Genesis: Shem through Abraham (known as "Abram") — chapter 11

Noun
Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, etc. However this type of definition has been criticized by contemporary linguists as being uninformative. It is also defective because it does not clearly distinguish from the way that verbs (or sentences) can relate to events, or adjectives, to quality or quantity. Moreover, is suffers from the fault of being a disjunctive definition. There have been several attempts, sometimes controversial, to produce a stricter definition of nouns on a semantic basis. Some of these are referenced in the section below.

Linguists often prefer to define nouns (and other lexical categories) in terms of their formal properties. These include morphological information, such as what prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their syntax – how they combine with other words and expressions of particular types. For example, ""ability to occur in noun positions in relation to verbs and prepositions, their ability to govern number/gender agreement and take case endings (in languages that have such functions), their ability to occur with certain kinds of quantificational expressions such as many, much, and all, and so forth". (Which would include pronouns and noun phrases.) Such definitions may nonetheless still be language-specific, since syntax as well as morphology varies between languages. For example, in English it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this would not apply in Russian, which has no definite articles.

Æthelbald, King of Wessex
Æthelbald, King of Wessex (Æðelbald, died 860),

etc
Referring expression absent referent [[