User:Tonicthebrown/Creationism

Young Earth cosmology
The age of the earth is one of the most polarizing issues within the evangelical Christian community today. Young Earth creationists hold that the world is no older than about 10,000 years - a belief apparently shared by 47% of Americans and taught in 10% of American colleges. This is based on the comprehensive chronology built into the Old Testament, rather than on the six days of creation (the belief that creation took place over six days does not automatically lead to a 10,000 year old earth). The creationist website Answers in Genesis, for example, has an outline of world history from an Old Testament perspective in which the period from Abraham to Jesus is listed as "approximately 1992 years"; this period, plus the 2,000 years from Christ to the modern day, "is not in question," and the debate focuses on the centuries-long lifespans of Methusaleh and other figures from Genesis 1-11. This approach has a deep history in Christian thought: prior to the mid-18th century, the age of the earth was calculated partly or wholly on the basis of the bible and religious theory. Using these methods, the 17th century scholar Archbishop Ussher arrived at the conclusion that the earth was created in 4004 BC, exactly four thousand years before the birth of Christ, giving the universe an age of some six thousand years. Ussher's date was still being printed as a marginal note in many bibles until the early part of the 20th century.

"Creation science": Discrediting the standard scientific cosmology
The Young Earth website Creation in Genesis dismisses the Big Bang as "entirely fiction". Creation in Genesis says science contradicts Genesis 1, because the sun and stars were created before the earth existed. "[T]his theory is nothing more than an attempt by men ... to try and explain how they think we might have been created without a Creator."

One of the most common creationist criticisms of the Big Bang concerns the horizon problem and supposed problems with the inflationary theory of the early universe. Creationists have claimed that dark matter and dark energy are doubtful concepts invented by Big Bang theorists in order to uphold the theory. Creationists also point to the Baryon asymmetry problem, i.e., that the big bang is expected to have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter.

The "starlight problem"
One of the largest problems facing a Young Earth is the starlight problem, which runs as follows: (1) there are galaxies billions of light-years from earth, meaning it would take light from their stars billions of years to reach us; (2) we can see these galaxies, so their starlight has already arrived; (3) therefore the universe must be billions of years old. As an old earth (and universe) is not acceptable (it conflicts with the Bible-based age of the earth), alternative explanations are advanced by Young Earth supporters. One is that God created starlight when he created the universe six thousand years ago and the age of distant starlight is skewed because the Bible refers to God stretching the universe (e.g. Isaiah 51:13.) Those who do not accept the biblical explanation of God stretching the universe consider the age of distant starlight as deceptive and the explanation is not entirely satisfactory, as the first implies a God who deceives. A second, posed by Barry Setterfield, that the speed of light was faster in the past than it is now (the theory is called C-decay, from the cosmological symbol C representing the speed of light). Setterfield's theory, however, would produce consequences which have not been observed, and has been refuted by other creationists such as Russell Humphreys.

The universe has no center and no edge. A third idea, put forward by Russell Humphreys in 1994 and refined by others since, sets this aside and proposes that the Earth is located near the center of a finite and bounded (i.e., spherical) universe. Time dilation would allow events at the edge to appear to have happened billions of years in the past as seen from earth. Humphreys also finds a place for the "waters above (and below) the earth," locating them at the edge ("above") and the centre ("below") of the universe.

Russell Humphreys and John Hartnett have both been criticized by members of their own ranks, to which both have submitted rebuttals. In his remarks, Hartnett says he is "under no illusion" and is well aware that his cosmology uses an "unknown" (namely, the introduction of a fifth spacetime dimension) to help solve another "unknown" - dark matter. When challenged about a possible horizon problem in his model, Hartnett deferred to an inability to understand the problem posed by his critic and did not oblige an answer. Humphreys' critic pointed out that the well-known equation for gravitational redshift/blueshift may countermand his model’s efforts to achieve today’s observed redshift from cosmic sources, to which Humphreys countered by terming the gravitational redshift equation a “flawed equation” and became dismissive in his remarks about any potential applicability to his model. Since Humphreys relies heavily on the anomalous sunward acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft to underscore a fundamental component of his cosmology, his critic was obliged to cite the findings of researchers from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California who attributed the apparent anomaly to the thermal recoil force acting on the spacecraft. In response, Humphreys adopted a wait-and-see attitude.

Stellar evolution
Young Earth Creationists typically reject standard accounts of stellar evolution, and observational evidence of recent star formation. In particular, creationists dispute the widely accepted nebular hypothesis for star formation.

=Geophysics=

Young Earth creationists make a number of claims in the field of geophysics, mostly related to the age of the Earth and flood geology. According to the United States National Academy of Sciences, creation geophysics and creation science fails to meet the key criteria of science because it lacks empirical support, supplies no tentative hypotheses, and resolves to describe natural history in terms of scientifically untestable supernatural events.

Earth's magnetic field: rapid-decay and rapid reversals
This hypothesis was developed by Thomas G. Barnes, who was Creation Research Society president in the mid-1970s. Taking the assumption that the Earth's magnetic field decayed exponentially, and ignoring evidence of it fluctuating over time, he estimated that "the life of the earth's magnetic field should be reckoned in thousands, not millions or billions, of years." It has drawn harsh criticism from both scientists and some creationists.

It has long been observed that Earth's magnetic field gradually changes over time (e.g., by Henry Gellibrand of Gresham College, in 1634). Much of this change is due to movement of the magnet poles, and changes in the Earth's non-dipole field. The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1835 and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 5% over the last 150 years.

One proposal is based on the assumption that Earth was created from pure water with all of the molecules' spins aligned creating a substantial magnetic field. However spin relaxation times, which measure the time nuclear magnetisations take to return to the equilibrium, are typically measured in the range of milliseconds or seconds.

Russell Humphreys accepts a core-current based magnetic field and archaeomagnetic measurements of the magnetic field (based on measurements of human artifacts), and concludes that several reversals of the magnetic field occurred during the biblical flood. The concept of rapid magnetic field reversals has been linked to the creationist theory that runaway plate subduction occurred during Noah's flood. Such rapid (month long) variation contradict measurements of the conductivity of the Earth's mantle.

Such ideas are inconsistent with the basic physics of magnetism. While short term variations have been shown to be due to a variety of factors, the long-term (million year) variation in field intensity (and even reversal in polarity) are modeled as due to changes in electric currents in the liquid outer core of the Earth.

Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth project
Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth (R.A.T.E.) is a joint project by the Institute for Creation Research and the Creation Research Society to produce experimental geochronological results that support a Young Earth creationist view that the age of the Earth is only thousands of years — not billions, as the scientific consensus has concluded.

The membership of R.A.T.E. has been self-described as "Bible-believing Christian, committed to young-earth creation." Members are:
 * Steve Austin (Ph.D. in geology, Pennsylvania State University)
 * John Baumgardner (Ph.D. in geophysics and space science, University of California at Los Angeles) However, Dr. Baumgardner co-authored a paper published in Nature just three years after R.A.T.E. that includes statements supporting lunar events occurring 3.9-3.6 billion years (Gyr) ago
 * Eugene Chaffin (Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Oklahoma State University)
 * Don DeYoung (Ph.D. in physics, Iowa State University)
 * Russell Humphreys (Ph.D. in physics, Louisiana State University)
 * Andrew Snelling (Ph.D. in geology, University of Sydney)
 * Larry Vardiman (Ph.D. in atmospheric science, Colorado State University)

Creationists involved in the R.A.T.E. Project point to experiments they have performed, which they claim demonstrate that 1.5 billion years of nuclear decay took place over a short period of time, from which they infer that "billion-fold speed-ups of nuclear decay" have occurred, a massive violation of the principle that radioisotope decay rates are constant, a core principle underlying nuclear physics generally, and radiometric dating in particular.

The scientific community points to numerous flaws in these experiments, to the fact that their results have not been accepted for publication by any peer-reviewed scientific journal, and to the fact that the creationist scientists conducting them were untrained in experimental geochronology.

In refutation of young-Earth claims of inconstant decay rates affecting the reliability of radiometric dating, Roger C. Wiens, a physicist specialising in isotope dating states:

Radiohaloes
Robert V. Gentry studied these halos and concluded that the rock must have formed within three minutes if the halo was formed by Po-218. This is taken by some creationists as evidence that the earth was formed instantaneously. Other creationists, including some fellow Seventh Day Adventists, have disparaged his work, and have "accused him of willfully ignoring pertinent evidence and of inconsistently and arbitrarily assuming nonuniform decay rates for all radioactive isotopes except polonium."

Critics of Gentry from within the scientific community have pointed out that Po-218 is a decay product of radon, which as a gas can be given off by a grain of uranium in one part of the rock and collected in another part of the rock to form a uraniumless halo. Gentry's examples rely on a radon ring that is close to the Po-210 ring and it is a bit difficult to tell them apart, and it is not certain whether the rings can be positively associated with polonium.

Gentry's work has been continued and expanded by the creationist R.A.T.E. project that was operating between 1997 and 2005. Radiohalos were studied as part of the R.A.T.E. project by creationists such as Andrew Snelling of Answers in Genesis, Russell Humphreys, John Baumgardner and Steven A. Austin at the Institute of Creation Research as well as others at the Creation Research Society.

Claims relating to flood geology
Geophysical hypotheses related to flood geology include:
 * Runaway subduction, the rapid movement of tectonic plates, which John Baumgardner posits to have initiated the catastrophic breakup of a single primal supercontinent, which in turn precipitated the global flood of Noah. During the year-long global flood, the continents rapidly split apart and moved to their present positions.
 * Hydroplates, an alternative hypothesis proposed by Walt Brown of superfast continental drift. His hypothesis has not been regarded by the scientific community to be founded on science. Other creationist organizations such as the Institute for Creation Research are skeptical of the hydroplate theory.
 * Vapor canopy, the idea that the waters for the flood came from a "canopy" of water vapor surrounding the Earth. One major proponent of the vapor canopy is Kent Hovind, who has made the model, combined with the hydroplate theory, popular among the general population of creationists, but most creationists now reject the idea. For instance, Walt Brown's Center for Scientific Creation opposes it, and it has also fallen into disfavour at Answers in Genesis.

Hydroplates

 * EarthAge.org &mdash; Is the Mid Atlantic Ridge Still Spreading? By Randy S. Berg
 * CreationTheory.org Young-Earth Creationism &mdash; Flood Geology

Vapor canopy

 * The Demise and Fall of the Water Vapor Canopy by Glenn Morton, a geophysicist and former creationist.
 * Global Warming - The Aftermath of Noah's Flood

Rapid-decay theory

 * "The Earth: Is It Young or Is It Old?", Dr. Jay L. Wile
 * "Evidence For The Young-Earth Theory", Examine the Evidence