User:Toquinho905/sandbox/sandbox

=My Responsibilities=

I will be responsible for the "National Parks" and "Evolution of Hunting Practices" sections.

Bison Conservation Outline

 * Historical decline of the North American bison population
 * Plains bison – importance and symbolism
 * Wood bison – importance and symbolism
 * Social ecology - importance to indigenous people
 * Evolution of hunting practices
 * Implications for preservation efforts


 * Origins of wildlife preservation in Canada
 * Ideological development of the wildlife conservation movement
 * Contradictions


 * The evolution of federal government wildlife policy in Canada
 * Trajectory: preservation → utilitarian conservation → rational, scientific, bureaucratic management that promoted domestication of wildlife and Native people
 * Goals: preservation of wilderness and wildlife; recreational, commercialization, 	assertion of state authority and control over wildlife and Native people
 * Contradictions in policies
 * Social, cultural, and political forces
 * Internal colonialism – disdain for Native hunting cultures, assertion of state authority, influence of scientific knowledge, modernization agenda for Canada’s north
 * Significance and legacies over the long term – historical and cultural implications


 * National Parks
 * Buffalo National Park in Wainwright, Alberta
 * Wood Bison National Park in northeastern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories
 * 1925-28: Transfer of plains bison from the overpopulated range in Buffalo National Park to the supposedly understocked range in Wood Buffalo National Park resulted in hybridization between the species and the infection of the northern herds with tuberculosis and brucellosis (Sandlos, 2002, 95).


 * Interactions between Aboriginal peoples, preservationists, and government officials
 * Cultural and ecological interactions between Native Americans and Euroamericans in the Great Plains
 * Historical conflict between Native hunters and conservationists over bison
 * Assertion of state authority over the traditional hunting cultures of the Cree, Dene, and Inuit peoples
 * Social, cultural, political, and economic implications for Aboriginals
 * Ecological implications for bison populations


 * Contemporary bison conservation
 * Significance and legacies
 * Current conservation efforts – plans to reintroduce bison to Banff National Park

Evolution of Hunting Practices
As early as 12,000 years ago, Native American hunters would gather herds of bison and stage mass killings by forcing them off of cliffs and plunge to their death. After the introduction of horses, Plains Indians were able to lance or shoot bison which almost led to extinction in the 19th century. Similar to the decline of the Passenger Pigeon, the main reason for the bison's near-demise was commercial hunting. In some provinces and states throughout North America, the hunting of wild bison is legal where public herds require culling to preserve a target population.