User:Toshalikatyal/sandbox

= Evaluating Two Articles = Area: Homelessness in San Francisco

Critique of Area Article:
Sector: Tobacco control
 * The article's first sentence states that the issue of homelessness is "San Francisco's most intractable problem" and cites "guide books" as its source (The Rough Guide to San Francisco and Bay Area). Not sure if others see the concern here but to me personally it seems problematic that the first sentence of an article about a prominent social, economic, and political issue in the United States cites a travel guide to describe the scale of the concern. The sentence also states that the prevalence of homelessness is noted by "visitors and other residents"- how can we maintain an educative page and cite a "visitor" as a reliable source for this information?
 * Also the page makes it appear as if homelessness is a problem that is growing beyond the control of the government which as implemented so many initiatives already- maybe this is true and I would have to do research on this- but I would be more inclined to believe this if the cited source to this claim was not an article in the San Francisco Gate titled, "Shame of the City-Homeless in San Francisco". Really now?? Clearly there is a singular position that is being taken in these claims.
 * The "History" section could definitely be expanded since it only locates a decrease of mental health services and industrial jobs as a source of the issue. The section very briefly touches on how homelessness became more prevalent in San Francisco as compared to other cities
 * The history section mentions one government initiative that was implemented but it can definitely include the various other initiatives as well (especially since the writers of the current article made broad claims earlier about how the government was doing so much to address the problem)
 * The articles cited in this section are called, "SF's Homeless Legacy- Two Decades of Failure" and "San Francisco's Untouchables". Need I say more??
 * The "Prevalence and Visibility" section is not updated since the last statistics it mentions about the number of homeless individuals in SF is from 2014.
 * In the "Causes" section, it is primarily data-driven and doesn't specify any social, political, economic circumstances that led to homelessness. The data is derived from a non-reputable source which is outdated.
 * The "Current efforts to address issue" is the section I would really like to work on (amongst the other sections) because it only mentions one initiative
 * Other sections I would suggest adding to this article include the public image of homelessness in SF, areas in SF with particularly high rates of homelessness and the causes for that, NGOs and NPOs doing work to address the issue, current events/current causes for rising rates of homelessness, etc
 * The talk page has no activity/conversation and it seems as if just one person wrote the article

Critique of Sector Article:

 * Reading this article makes me feel even worse about the Homelessness in San Francisco because of how problematic that first sentence was- I am still shocked!
 * In the introduction of this article, it is mentioned that "References to a tobacco control movement may have either positive or negative connotations, both briefly covered here", which I thought was interesting since the authors have directly addressed any room for biases within the first few sentences of the article.
 * There is a "connotations" section which I think is a bit odd- it directly labels two subsections called "positive" and "negative" and lists the positive side to tobacco control and cites the WHO but then in the negative subsection it says "The tobacco control movement has also been referred to as an anti-smoking movement by some who disagree with the movement, as documented in internal tobacco industry memoranda"- not a really constructive piece of information I believe?
 * The "Early History of Tobacco Control" section cites some questionable sources including a source that is not directly cited- this information could be expanded on.
 * The section doesn't include the history of tobacco control in other countries beyond in Europe, including in the US, let alone in certain states or cities within it
 * Under the comprehensive tobacco control section, I see room for growth and my own contribution to add to since this is the exact sector I am working with in my PE
 * The International collaboration section doesn't use citations
 * The Journal section seems confusing and not sure what it is referring to? Perhaps can be expanded by adding more journal articles that are relevant to tobacco control.

= Editing Bibliography =

Source 1: Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing Website Citation:
I would like to use the Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing website to extract data and statistics from the department's annual reports on street homelessness in the city in order to provide concrete information regarding the status of homelessness on a yearly basis. The department website consists of reports from 2007 to 2019 and I could use the stats to compare rates of homelessness. By visualizing the dates and time periods of high vs lower rates of homelessness, I can further research what was happening historically around that time that could have led to these rates of homelessness.

Source 2: SPUR 501(C)3 Organization
I would like to utilize the SPUR website as it conducted a field study on the rising homelessness in the Bay Area by county. The research study provides data and analysis and reasonings behind why we see certain rises and declines in the rates. The study clearly defines homelessness, which is a definition I would like to include in the wikipedia article, and also attributes the rise of homelessness to gentrification, economic dislocation, reduced safety nets, failed housing policies, mass incarceration, structural racism, family instability, and limited organizations and assistance programs to elderly and disabled.

Source 3: City and County of San Francisco Human Services Agency
I would like to utilize the City and County of San Francisco Human Services Agency website because I believe it provides an accurate representation of the current NGOs and other organizations that are available in the area to bridge the disparities for the homeless population in San Francisco. The website also lists the existing assistance governmental programs for the homeless population in San Francisco, which is an important feature to highlight in the Wikipedia page.

Source 1: Tobacco Control BMJ Journal
I would like to use the Tobacco Control BMJ as a source because it is an international peer-reviewed scientific and medical journal that reports information specifically on tobacco control and tobacco related diseases. The source is rich in past and recently published research articles which serve the purpose of informing citizens on tobacco related public health interventions and drugs. This information would be greatly useful to add to the Wikipedia article because I could supplement the article with successful interventions and currently researched techniques to administer tobacco control.

Source 2: CDC Smoking and Tobacco Legislation
I would like to use the CDC smoking and tobacco legislation website as a source because it is an internationally cited and well-known institution that engages in epidemiological studies of public health issues. The webpage contains reports of all tobacco related legislations and policies implemented since 1999. This information is important to include in the article because it highlights the government interventions in policy making for the tobacco related diseases in the US and demonstrates what has already been addressed through legislation and what those outcomes may be.

Source 3: WHO Tobacco Cessation Interventions
I would like to use the WHO webpage for tobacco cessation interventions because the Wikipedia article does not specify whether it is US or international based Tobacco Control. The WHO webpage lists the international interventions for tobacco cessation, which provides a global lens to the issue that the previous articles do not provide. = Synthesizing and Summarizing = Synthesizing and summarizing the area and sector articles additions.

= Homelessness in San Francisco = Area: Homelessness in San Francisco

Note: I am collaborating with other students in 105 to create a new page called "Homeless in San Francisco Bay Area" which encompasses several regions of the Bay Area population.

Bolded areas are my addition. Unbolded words are from the original Wikipedia page with their original citations.

Introduction
According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, homelessness is described to be "without permanent housing who may live on the streets; stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned building or vehicle; or in any other unstable or non-permanent situation." Homelessness emerged as a national issue in the 1870s. M'''any homeless people lived in emerging urban cities, such as New York City. Into the 20th century, the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a devastating epidemic of poverty, hunger, and homelessness. The number of homeless people grew in the 1980s, as housing and social service cuts increased. There were two million homeless people migrating across the United States, especially into the west coast.'''

With '''a population exceeding 7 million, the SF Bay Area has an increasingly expensive housing market that is difficult for many to afford. In San Francisco, a minimum wage worker would have to work approximately 4.7 full-time jobs to be able to rent a two-bedroom apartment. San Francisco has several thousand homeless residents, despite extensive efforts by city government to address the issue. Homelessness in San Francisco and the Bay Area is a growing concern which has warranted the rise of legislative policies and grassroots organizations aiming to tackle the issue.'''

Great Depression
Into the 20th century, the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a devastating epidemic of poverty, hunger, and homelessness, particularly in industry-dependent cities, such as San Francisco.

'''Two million homeless people migrated across the United States in search of housing, especially into the west coast. The number of people without homes grew in the 1980s in SF, as wages stagnated and funding for welfare reform was cut, eliminating the social safety net for underserved communities.'''

Housing Crisis
'''Since the 1960s, San Francisco and the surrounding Bay Area have enacted strict zoning regulations. Among other restrictions, San Francisco does not allow buildings over 40 stories tall in most of the city, and has passed laws making it easier for neighbors to block developments. Partly as a result of these codes, from 2007 to 2014, the Bay Area issued building permits for only half the number of needed houses, based on the area's population growth.'''

'''In 2002, the SFPD launched the Eastern Neighborhoods Community Planning Process to resolve recognized land use conflicts in several SF neighborhoods. Many stakeholders in these neighborhoods oversaw the planning process, which was focused on the rezoning of historically industrial lands for new residential uses, but was unresponsive to neighborhood concerns of unaffordable housing, residential and job displacement, gentrification, public safety, and inadequate open space. Only those who could afford these limited new housing units were able to access housing, causing socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority groups to either seek housing in under resourced neighborhoods of San Francisco such as the Tenderloin or lose housing completely, leading to poor health outcomes for marginalized populations.'''

Gentrification
'''At the same time, there has been rapid economic growth of the high tech industry in San Francisco and nearby Silicon Valley, which has created hundreds of thousands of new jobs. The resultant high demand for housing, combined with the lack of supply, (caused by severe restrictions on the building of new housing units) have caused dramatic increases in rents and extremely high housing prices. For example, from 2012 to 2017, the San Francisco metropolitan area added 400,000 new jobs, but only 60,000 new housing units.'''

'''Furthermore, the gentrification of San Francisco deepened these structural divisions. The rapid economic growth of the tech industry in San Francisco and nearby Silicon Valley, which created hundreds of thousands of new jobs. Expansion of tech companies led to a high demand for housing, which was combined with the lack of supply caused by severe restrictions on the building of new housing.'''

'''By the end of 2000, gentrification in San Francisco grew to the center of political and organizing activity. Anti-displacement advocates received success in gaining representation on SF’s Planning Department (SFPD) and in advancing new regulations (e.g., inclusionary zoning) to protect and create affordable housing, which led to a shift from citywide to district legislative elections to address neighborhood concerns at the city level.'''

Exclusionary Zoning Policies
'''In the 1960s, San Francisco and surrounding Bay Area cities enacted strict zoning regulations. Zoning is the legal restriction of sections or districts of a city to particular uses, such as residential, industrial, or commercial. In the 60s, SF relied heavily on manufacturing and the leading causes of death were communicable diseases from industrial labor and pollution. Zoning was originally executed as a public health prevention policy to ensure industrial emissions are separated from residential areas.'''

'''The housing crisis is both a regional and local problem. Gentrification and exclusion are intimately related at a neighborhood level. If a high-demand, high-cost neighborhood won’t build, developers and people looking for housing will be diverted to the nearest low-cost neighborhoods. That increases demand and development and leads to gentrification. Since the residents of high-cost, high-demand neighborhoods tend to have mobility, money, and access to information and power, they are hugely successful in leveraging land-use policies to exclude newcomers.'''

'''Exclusionary zoning policies in San Francisco in city planning have caused a divide in affordability and accessibility for housing. The anti-development orientation of certain cities is turning them into preserves for the wealthy as housing costs increase beyond what lower-income families can afford to pay, which displaces communities and residents of low-income areas, leading to rising rates of homelessness.'''

Redlining Policies
'''Additionally, until 1968, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) enforced an explicit redlining policy of racial discrimination in mortgage lending. Under redlining, racial minority groups were refused loans for mortgages. The policy incentivized homeowners to restrict the sale of houses to white families only, creating all-white neighborhoods. Although prohibited by the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the practice of neighborhood delineation based on race and class had a lasting impact, depriving certain neighborhoods of essential resources such as housing, schools, clinics, and grocery stores. The zoning policies created divisions within SF districts, widening the income inequality gap and polarizing resource accessibility and socioeconomic demographics, seen especially in the Tenderloin District, which currently experiences the highest rates of homelessness.'''

Legislative Efforts
In 2014, the City of San Francisco spent $167 million annually on housing homeless residents. By 2016, total spending (including housing and treatment) was believed to be $241 million annually. However, much of this spending is focused on housing the formerly homeless, or those at risk, and not the currently homeless. The city's shelter program has approximately 1,200 beds, and several hundred people are on a waitlist to be housed. Even with 1,200 shelter beds and several hundred on waiting list, most homeless avoid the shelter for various reasons such as: overcrowding, safety, and rules that, among other things, separate people experiencing homelessness from their possessions, pets, and loved ones. In 2015, the Navigation Center shelter was created to address these issues.

Community Planning Interventions
The Navigation Center started as a pilot intervention program and is a collaboration between the City of San Francisco and the San Francisco Interfaith Council. It is funded by a $3 million anonymous donation and is based on the belief that people experiencing homelessness would be more receptive to utilizing shelters if they were "allowed to stay with their possessions, partners, and pets.” The first Navigation Center opened in 2015 at a former school building in the Mission District. Unlike other shelters, the Navigation Center allows clients to come and go as they please and tries to get them permanent housing within ten days. Navigation Center provides otherwise unsheltered residents of San Francisco with room and board while case managers work to connect them to income, public benefits, health services, shelter, and housing. Navigation Center is different from traditional housing units in that it has few barriers to entry and intensive case management. 

= Sector -Tobacco Control = Sector: Tobacco control

Tobacco control is a field of international public health science, policy and practice dedicated to addressing tobacco use and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality it causes. Tobacco control is a priority area for the World Health Organization (WHO), through the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. References to a tobacco control movement may have either positive or negative connotations, both briefly covered here.

Origins of modern tobacco control[edit]
After the Second World War, the German research was effectively silenced due to perceived associations with Nazism. However, the work of Richard Doll in the UK, who again identified the causal link between smoking and lung cancer in 1952, brought this topic back to attention. Partial controls and regulatory measures eventually followed in much of the developed world, including partial advertising bans, minimum age of sale requirements, and basic health warnings on tobacco packaging. However, smoking prevalence and associated ill health continued to rise in the developed world in the first three decades following Richard Doll's discovery, with governments sometimes reluctant to curtail a habit seen as popular as a result - and increasingly organised disinformation efforts by the tobacco industry and their proxies (covered in more detail below). Realisation dawned gradually that the health effects of smoking and tobacco use were susceptible only to a multi-pronged policy response which combined positive health messages with medical assistance to cease tobacco use and effective marketing restrictions, as initially indicated in a 1962 overview by the British Royal College of Physicians and the 1964 report of the U.S. Surgeon General.

The 1964 report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General represented a landmark document that included an objective synthesis of the evidence of the health consequences of smoking according to causal criteria. '''The report concluded that cigarette smoking was a cause of lung cancer in men and sufficient in scope that “remedial action” was warranted at the societal level. The Surgeon General report process is an enduring example of evidence-based public health in practice.'''

Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policies
The concept of multi-pronged and therefore 'comprehensive' tobacco control arose through academic advances (e.g. the dedicated Tobacco Control journal), not-for-profit advocacy groups such as Action on Smoking and Health and government policy initiatives. Progress was initially notable at a state or national level, particularly the pioneering smoke-free public places legislation introduced in New York City in 2002 and the Republic of Ireland in 2004, and the UK efforts to encapsulate the crucial elements of tobacco control activity in the 2004 'six-strand approach' (to deliver upon the joined-up approach set out in the white paper 'Smoking Kills' ) and its local equivalent, the 'seven hexagons of tobacco control'. This broadly organised set of health research and policy development bodies then formed the Framework Convention Alliance to negotiate and support the first international public health treaty, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, or FCTC for short.

The FCTC compels signatories to advance activity on the full range of tobacco control fronts, including limiting interactions between legislators and the tobacco industry, imposing taxes upon tobacco products and carrying out demand reduction, protecting people from exposure to second-hand smoke in indoor workplaces and public places through smoking bans, regulating and disclosing the contents and emissions of tobacco products, posting highly visible health warnings upon tobacco packaging, removing deceptive labelling (e.g. 'light' or 'mild'), improving public awareness of the consequences of smoking, prohibiting all tobacco advertising, provision of cessation programmes, effective counter-measures to smuggling of tobacco products, restriction of sales to minors and relevant research and information-sharing among the signatories.

WHO subsequently produced an internationally-applicable and now widely recognized summary of the essential elements of tobacco control strategy, publicized as the mnemonic MPOWER tobacco control strategy. The six components are:
 * Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
 * Protect people from tobacco smoke
 * Offer help to quit tobacco use
 * Warn about the dangers of tobacco
 * Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
 * Raise taxes on tobacco
 * http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=e0ef425e-e5f3-414e-a48b-8087f0083916%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=edssch.qt0kn837h5&db=edssch

Age Restriction
Tobacco policies that limit the sale of cigarettes to minors and restrict smoking in public places are important strategies to deter youth from accessing and consuming cigarettes. Amongst youth in the United States, for example, when compared with students living in states with strict regulations, young adolescents living in states with no or minimal restrictions, particularly high school students, were more likely to be daily smokers. These effects were reduced when logistic regressions were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette price, suggesting that higher cigarette prices may discourage youth to access and consume cigarettes independent of other tobacco control measures.

Graphic Warning Labels
Smokers are not fully informed about the risks of smoking. Warnings that are graphic, larger, and more comprehensive in content are more effective in communicating the health risks of smoking. '''Smokers who noticed the warnings were significantly more likely to endorse health risks, including lung cancer and heart disease. In each instance where labelling policies differed between countries, smokers living in countries with government mandated warnings reported greater health knowledge.'''

Graphic warning labels on cigarette packs are noticed by the majority of adolescents, increase adolescents’ cognitive processing of these messages and have the potential to lower smoking intentions. Based on extensive research of adolescents in the United States, the introduction of graphic warning labels has greatly reduced smoking among adolescents.

= Annotated Bibliography = Examining the various sources utilized in both area and sector articles closely.

1. Kusmer, Kenneth L. Down and out, on the Road: the Homeless in American History. Oxford University Press, 2003.
This source is a non-fiction book on the history of homelessness in the United States, written by Kenneth Kusmer, a history professor who assess the institutional responses to the “other” populations in the US. Kusmer examines overarching social conditions and structures such as a condemnatory U.S. Protestant work-ethic response to homelessness, and why "workhouse" solutions do not deal with underlying economic issues. This book, although an outdated source, is of valuable information because it is the first book written about the history of homelessness in America, the relationship between public authorities and local organizations and their work in mitigating the issue, and how different classes and racial groups perceived and responded to homelessness. Reading this source was helpful to see the differences between community interventions in the early periods compared to now, as well as to assess the similarities in how the homeless population was viewed by other classes then and now.

2. Arnold, Crowley, Bravve, Brundage, Biddlecombe, Althea, Sheila, Elina Bravve, Sarah,Christine (2014). "OUT OF REACH 2014 Twenty-Five Years Later, The Affordable Housing Crisis Continues.
This research paper, written by multiple public policy researchers in 2014,  highlights the affordable housing crisis concerns in various large cities of the United States, including San Francisco. This source is newer and more updated to be suited to the current issues of gentrification, technology, and housing affordability concerns. The purpose of the source is to provide in-depth concrete information on the status of the housing affordability issue and inform politicians, lobbyists, advocates, and communities. In essence, the source states that federal housing programs serve approximately five million low income households, but the needs of many more households go unmet. Low income, unassisted households often face housing instability, threats of eviction, poor housing conditions, and great risk of homelessness. Ensuring that each family has a safe and stable place to call home should be a public policy priority. The source is valuable because it combines statistics, qualitative and quantitative data, geographical, and historical information on the issue of housing in SF and clearly defines economic terms and current policies in place.

3. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space Vol 31, Issue 7, pp. 1259 - 1278.
This research paper is concerned with questions of urban and regional restructuring, globalization, inequality, and uneven development. The purpose of the article is to critically assess urban policy and politics, race, gender, resource production and distribution, land, housing, labor, and commodity markets. This academic research paper examines the relationship between job accessibility and housing affordability in the San Francisco Bay Area. The paper essentially states that residents of low-income, inner-city neighborhoods generally face the greatest occupational mismatches, which can be used to explain causes for high rates of homelessness in certain districts of SF. This source is valuable as it sheds light on the geographical landscaping and urban city planning and policy structures of SF which contribute to homelessness in certain areas such as district six, with the highest number of unhoused folks in SF.

4. John Mangin, The New Exclusionary Zoning, vol 25 Stanford Law & Policy Review 91 (2014).
This academic research paper, written by John Mangin of Stanford Law, critiques the high costs of housing and attributes this growing concern in big cities to gentrification and "exclusionary zoning policies". The paper examines that there are high housing costs in the suburbs and high housing costs in the cities, which is a relative problem of supply and demand. The paper concludes that a city’s ability to remain affordable depends most crucially on its ability to expand housing supply in the face of increased demand. Among the people who care most about high housing costs there is a lack of understanding of the main causes and the policy approaches that can address them. This can be used to explain the homelessness in large cities such as SF. The source is valuable because it works to inform policymakers of the fundamental structural issues that exist within society that contribute to the growing numbers of homelessness in SF. The source critiques the power dynamics in the institutional economic system and cites the widening inequality gap as one of the sources of the issue. This resource was effective in understanding the financial aspect which contributes to the lack of social mobility for certain marginalized groups of the US.

5. Minkler, M. (1985). Building supportive ties and sense of community among the inner-city elderly: The Tenderloin senior outreach project. Health Education Quarterly. 12(4):303-314.
This is an academic public health paper which evaluates community interventions to address homelessness in the Tenderloin district, a highly impacted area of SF with the highest population of homeless individuals. While this source is certainly significantly older and contains outdated information on the present status of the homelessness rates in the Tenderloin District, this source is valuable because it provides an example of a community intervention which was posed in this highly impacted area in the 1980s, and the origin of a grassroots movement in SF. The paper assesses the benefits and limitations of the intervention in terms of funding, planning, execution, advocating, and sustainable action. The source provided insight on the participatory power dynamics of the shareholders and stakeholders, which was useful analysis when criticizing current interventions.

==== 6. Levy, D T. “Examining the Effects of Tobacco Treatment Policies on Smoking Rates and Smoking Related Deaths Using the SimSmoke Computer Simulation Model.” Tobacco Control, vol. 11, no. 1, 2002, pp. ==== This article, written by public health professionals and tobacco control experts, reviews studies of the effect of tobacco control policies on smoking rates with the aim of providing guidance on the importance of different policies. Although slightly older article as well, this source is useful because of the community based participatory action research employed in the assessment, incorporating local knowledge. The most successful campaigns have implemented a combination of tobacco control policies. Of those policies, substantial evidence indicates that higher taxes and clean air laws can have a large impact on smoking rates. Tobacco treatment policies, especially those with broad and flexible coverage, have the potential to increase smoking cessation substantially and decrease smoking rates in the short term, with fairly immediate reductions in deaths. This source was valuable to use because it provided extensive information on tobacco control policies which have been most effective in reducing smoking rates, which is essential information to understand in the sector article of “tobacco control”.

7. Callard, C. “Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada.”Tobacco Control, vol. 12, no. 4, 2003, pp. 436–436., doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.436.
This book includes 7 chapters focusing on the comparison of tobacco control policies in the USA and Canada. Chapter 1 introduces the problem of tobacco control policy. Chapter 2 outlines the different political science explanations that might be applied to tobacco control policy. Chapter 3 sets out a more elaborate description of federal-level tobacco policy in both countries, noting the major policy developments in comparative perspective. Chapter 5 evaluates the different explanations of tobacco control policy. The source is useful as it brings the concept of tobacco control into light with a global perspective in the aspect of politics and economic structures which influence the implementation of policies in both Canada and United States. This source is valuable because it assesses the feasibilities and the difficulties that different political climates can pose on the practice of tobacco control policies by comparing Canada and the US. The global lens is valuable in understanding the limitations of the political sphere in public health control.

==== 8. Warner, Kenneth E. “Tobacco Control Policies and Their Impacts. Past, Present, and Future.”Annals of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 11, no. 2, 2014, pp. 227–230., doi:10.1513/annalsats.201307-244ps. ==== This academic research paper, written by public health professionals, evaluates the tobacco control policies since their origination until implementation over the past century. The purpose of the source is to evaluate the overall contribution of policies in the resulting health outcomes of the tobacco control issue since 1964 with the implementation of Surgeon General’s message until more recently posed policies such as secondhand smoke interventions. The source is valuable because it provides extensive knowledge on taxes, legislation, policies, political campaigns, and laws and critically assesses each position based on benefits and limitations in the United States. This directly relates to my practice experience which focuses on the secondhand smoke free home interventions in the housing units of SF.

'9. Katherine C. Devers & J. G. West, Exclusionary Zoning and Its Effect on Housing Opportunities for the Homeless'', 4 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 349 (2014).'''

This article focuses on the relationship of exclusionary zoning to the lack of affordable housing opportunities. The public health experts who wrote this article argue that these factors impede the efforts of people who are homeless to secure permanent housing. The authors profile homelessness and give and explain the ways zoning laws affect people who are homeless. This article is very valuable because it thoroughly explains the reasoning behind the implementation of zoning laws through a public health context, but then criticizes the harmful effects of these policies which show even today. The paper also dives into exclusionary zoning and its adverse effects on the preferred free operation of the market. The authors provide deep analysis of the effectiveness of current efforts to rezone in favor of low income groups. The experts explore the benefits of exclusionary zoning compared to human costs and offer alternatives to current zoning practices, which is helpful to my practice experience in which we work around the consequences of the zoning practices to provide sustainable solutions.

'''10. Bhatia, Rajiv. “Protecting Health Using an Environmental Impact Assessment: A Case Study of San Francisco Land use Decisionmaking.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 97, no. 3, 2007, pp. 406-413., doi: 10.2105/ajph.2005.073817.'''

This research paper, written by public health and public policy experts, is an assessment of San Francisco's Program on Health, Equity, and Sustainability, in which SFDPH created a new organizational division-the Program Health, Equity, and Sustainability (PHES) within its Environmental Health Division. The paper evaluates PHES, which had explicit goals to improve urban environmental, social, and economic conditions through policy-relevant applied research and collaboration. For PHES, the emphasis on external collaboration recognized that health expertise and evidence was the most useful when made relevant by those with power and influence in political contexts. The paper states that partners outside the institution were often in better positions to identify high-priority policy discourses and strategically to translate public health facts in political processes. The paper also claims that community members who often defined problems in a more holistic way are a catalyst for transdisciplinary approaches in public health practice. This paper is valuable because it essentially outlines the components of a successful intervention plan that involved policymaking, new department with a new staff of experts, and local knowledge from those directly benefiting from this intervention. This paper was effective to use in both the area and sector articles since it incorporates public health policy making in underserved regions.

'''11. Rossen, Lauren M., and Keshia M. Pollack. “Making the Connection Between Zoning and Health Disparities.” Environmental Justice, vol. 5, no. 3, 2012, pp. 119-127., doi: 10.1089/env.2011.0037.'''

This paper, written by public policy experts, assesses the Inequalities in the built and social environments underlie many of the socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in health risks and outcomes. The paper argues that zoning is the primary tool used in the U.S. to control land use and that zoning plays a predominant role in creating and maintaining built environments. The reliance on outdated zoning codes has helped contribute to various environmental injustices and inequalities, such as homelessness. The paper also argues that Zoning policies have been suggested as one potentially useful tool to make communities more conducive to health, and to more equitably distribute opportunities and risks to health. The paper is a valuable source because it highlights that  effective zoning policy has the potential to not only address the issues of dietary intake, physical activity, and related chronic diseases, but also to ameliorate several other public health problems such as exposure to environmental hazards, intentional and unintentional injury, substance use and abuse, access to health care and health disparities. The paper is very useful because it highlights zoning policies as a determinant of health and criticizes the current policies in place which have contributed to the present status of big cities, such as San Francisco.

12. E. Coles, M. Themessl-Huber, R. Freeman; Investigating community-based health and health promotion for homeless people: a mixed methods review, Health Education Research, Volume 27, Issue 4, 1 August 2012, Pages 624–644, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cys065 

This academic paper written by investigative researchers in the field of public health critically examines community interventions aimed to promote health for homeless people. The paper argues that it is absolutely essential to incorporate what is known about homelessness from the perspective of the client group to enable a model of health promotion, with appropriate inputs, activities and outcomes, to be proposed. The paper argues that community intervention is required to be tailored to the specific needs of the homeless client to enable him/her to engage with health and health promotion services. This process is a pathway from preparedness through interaction with others for increased engagement and access to health care and health promotion facilities. The evidence in the paper suggests that within the specific context of homelessness, the inputs for health improvement and health promotion priorities must be those identified by homeless people, with the role of staff enabling the formation and maintenance of mutually trusting relationships with those experiencing homelessness. This source was especially valuable because it directly relates to the actual work that I will be doing this summer as a field researcher as I interact with the community members to understand their perspectives and backgrounds and assist in building a trusting relationship between my organization and the community.

'''13. Lyon-Callo, Vincent. Inequality Poverty and Neoliberal Governance: Activist Ethnography in the Homeless Sheltering Industry. Univ of Toronto Pr, 2008.'''

This paper is written by an ethnographer and was drawn upon five years of ethnographic fieldwork in a homeless shelter in Northampton, Massachusetts. Lyon-Callo argues that homelessness must be understood within the context of increasing neoliberal policies, practices, and discourses. As advocates, activists, policy makers, and homeless people focused attention on market-based and individualized practices of reform and governance, collective efforts that challenged an economy dependent on low wage jobs, declining housing affordability, and the dismantling of the social safety net were marginalized and ignored. Homelessness continued, despite, and partly due to, the limitations of the neoliberal approach. The source is valuable because it combines the rich detail of an ethnographic study with the systemic examination of political economic studies. The source offers a view of homelessness and inequality with the discussion of the medicalization of homelessness, the difficulty of finding paid employment given broader political economic conditions, how shelter staff are trained to manage homeless people, how statistics are used to produce ideas of homeless people as deviants, and how funding concerns affect possibilities for resistance. The source is also valuable because the ethnographic study is unique from the other qualitative investigative studies which I was traditionally utilizing to support my research.

'''14. Hennigan, Brian. “House Broken: Homelessness, Housing First, and Neoliberal Poverty Governance.” Urban Geography vol. 38, no.9, 2016, pp. 1418-1440., doi: 10. 1080/02723638.2016.1254496.'''

In this investigative research paper, Hennigan uses evidence from two housing intervention programs which were implemented in metropolitan Phoenix, AZ and argues that housing comes first, but paternalism in the neoliberalism ideology closely accompanies the Housing First policy. The author argues that the program’s apartment lease – in what remains commodified housing – is a lever of market discipline and that in the Housing First approach, the abstract compulsions of the market significantly but incompletely replace the older, more paternalistic and personal models of disciplinary case management. The author argues that the Housing First policy exemplifies a form of neoliberal poverty governance despite its relatively “progressive” platform. The source is valuable because it provides a critical analysis of the paternalistic public policies which exist in addressing homelessness and offers assessment on where to draw the line in governmental aid and intervention, which directly corresponds to the work my organization is doing regarding public policy interventions amongst the homeless individuals of SF.

Non-Scholarly Sources
'''15. "What is the official definition of homelessness?". National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Retrieved 2018-03-10.'''

This source is an article in the website of National Health Care for the Homeless Council and it is written by a governmental entity. This source was utilized to inform readers of how the government officially defines the meaning of homelessness in the political context. This is currently the modern and updated definition of homelessness in the governmental sphere and is valuable because it offers a legal definition of an issue that has many different meanings in distinct contexts.

'''16. "Department of Public Health - Research, Health Assessments & Data". www.sfdph.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.'''

This source is offers the latest governmental data report, which reveals statistics and data on the city of San Francisco and its many districts, including demographic, public health, violence, etc. based on US Consensus Data Tract surveys and analysis. This information is valuable as it provides the latest numbers on the housing, health, populations, and social climate of SF. This is the data that UCSF CVP and the local government uses to make informed decisions on policies and intervention plannings.

'''17. Heather, Knight (2016-04-01). "What San Franciscans know about homeless isn't necessarily true". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-04-12.'''

This source is a newspaper article written by a local journalist who examines the impacts of current legislative policies to address homelessness in SF. This source is valuable because it offers a glimpse or a snapshot of the current time in history and the views that local residents have on the topic of homelessness. The resource is valuable to assess because it can demonstrate the gaps in knowledge that “experts” such as journalists who write for broad audiences may have themselves which can be a cause of the lack of awareness on this issue for community members. While the source is limited because it does not offer credible research and perhaps could have been written with a personal agenda, the source does reflect the local knowledge that is needed for policymakers and organizational leaders when addressing concerns.