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Health Care Models

Health care models are tools used to represent a theory and they communicate knowledge and change practice by methodically providing evidence (Butts, 2018). Using healthcare models provides data used to improve the model and to document outcomes.

A healthcare model can be an individual nurse's professional perspective on nursing and/or the organization's and nursing department's adopted healthcare model or theory.

Researchers can utilize health care models models to guide their studies and provide focus in research methods and design. Relating these studies to specific theoretical approaches that could benefit them offered a different perspective of looking at research by connecting relationships among concepts. Having a theoretical framework also presents a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the feasibility of specific interventions which is essential in changing healthcare practice and improving treatment outcomes.

Healthcare professionals such as nurses, physicians, and therapists can use healthcare models to guide the way they provide care.

Patient-Centered Model

This model increases hospital efficiency and transforms process of care provision by focusing on patients’ needs while increasing effectiveness of treatment plan (Fiorio, Gorli, & Verzillo, 2018). It is vital to consider patients' experience and clinical supervisors consider acuity to improve distribution of patient assignments and the health care team members tailor their care to cultural or religious preferences. Healthcare professionals must streamline care delivery by collaboration and coordination and the patient-centered model depends on understanding and matching the skills, knowledge, and needs of each health care team member and enhancing effective communication (Gabutti, Mascia, & Cicchetti, 2017). The health care team encourage patients to actively participate in their own care by being part of the bedside report. Patient will know exactly what has been and what is currently done, the plan of care, knowing what to expect, and to answer any questions or concerns. Patient-centered model continues upon discharge. A discharge coordinator calls to find out how closely a patient is following the discharge plan of care and whether the patient has any concerns about their hospital stay and to refer then to a hospital or community resource as needed.

Social Cognitive Theory

Bandura contends that human behavior is influenced by exposure to other people modeling the behavior especially when they identify with the personal characteristics of the model (Joseph, Ainsworth, Mathis, Hooker, & Keller, 2017). Human behavior is constantly changing through interaction of personal and environmental influences and behavior. Health care professionals such as nurses and psychologists can use the Social Cognitive Theory to find information about patients and allow the theory to guide their research or plan of care and they can then develop interventions (Hasking & Rose, 2016).

Five Social Constructs (Joseph, Ainsworth, Mathis, Hooker, & Keller, 2017)

1) Behavioral capability: the knowledge and skill needed to perform the behavior.

2) Outcome expectations: beliefs, values, and anticipated outcomes of the behavior.

3) Self-efficacy: the confidence in the ability to take action and overcome barriers.

4) Ability to manage behavior through self-monitoring, goal-setting, and self-reward.

5) Social support: extent to which significant referents like family, friends, and peers approve, encourage, or influence performance of the behavior.

References

Butts, J. (2018). Components and levels of abstraction in nursing language. In J.B. Butts & K.L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (3rd ed, pp. 91-112). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Fiorio, C.V., Gorli, M., & Verzillo, Stefano. (2018). Evaluating organizational change in healthcare: the patient-centered hospital model. BMC Health Services Research,18(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2877-4

Gabutti, I., Mascia, D., & Cicchetti, A. (2017). Exploring "patient-centered" hospitals: a systematic review to understand change. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2306-0

Hasking, P. & Rose, A. (2016). A preliminary application of social cognitive theory to non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 45. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0449-7

Joseph, R.P., Ainsworth, B.E., Mathis, L. Hooker, S., & Keller, C. (2017). Utility of social cognitive theory in intervention design for promoting physical activity among African-American Women: A qualitative study. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(5). doi:10.5993/AJHB.41.5.1