User:Tpettigrew/Thomas F. Pettigrew

THOMAS F. PETTIGREW

Thomas Fraser Pettigrew is an American social psychologist and a Research Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. [1] He is best known for his long career in the study of intergroup relations and conflict throughout the world. As two writers phrased it, “Thomas Pettigrew’s singular and celebrated career - marked by a uniquely successful integration of psychological research and political activism – is an inspiring and passionate example of what one person can achieve in race relations.”[2]

CONTENTS

•	1. Biography

•	2. Honors and Awards

•	3. Major Findings

•	4. Selected Publications

•	5. References

•	6. External Links

BIOGRAPHY

Born in Richmond, Virginia in 1931, Pettigrew’s mother and grandmother were immigrants from Scotland and his father was a Scottish-American engineer born in the mountains of Virginia. Early in his life, he became deeply troubled by the racial segregation and discrimination that surrounded him in Virginia – a reaction that shaped his later career.

Pettigrew earned his B.A. from the University of Virginia in 1952 and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Harvard University in 1955 and 1956. His mentor at Harvard was Gordon W. Allport, with whom he traveled to South Africa for a half-year of research in 1956. After teaching at the University of North Carolina for one year (1956-57), he returned to teach at Harvard. In 1964, at the age of 33, he became a tenured member of Harvard’s Social Relations Department. Pettigrew left Harvard in 1980 and became a Professor of Social Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz (1980-1994). He also served as Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands (1986-1991). Here he began his long-term, extensive survey research study of European prejudice against the continent’s new immigrants.

His wife, Ann Hallman Pettigrew, M.D., is a retired public health physician, prominent for her work at improving children’s medical services. Their son, Mark F. Pettigrew, Ph.D., is an Arabic-speaking specialist on the Middle East teaching at the City University of New York.

HONORS AND AWARDS

•	Harold Lasswell Lifetime Achievement Award, the International Society of Political Psychology, 2010.

•	Ralph K. White Lifetime Achievement Award, the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence, 2010. •	The University of California systemwide Constantine Panunzio Award for outstanding research by an Emeritus Professor, 2009.

•	Lifetime Achievement Award, the International Academy for Intercultural Research, 2009.

•	Distinguished Social Sciences Emeriti Faculty Award, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2008.

•	Glynn Scholar in Residence, Washington and Lee University, 2008.

•	Honorary Doctorate in the Natural Sciences, Philipps University, Marburg,Germany, 2008.

•	(with Linda Tropp)The Gordon W. Allport Intergroup Research Prize,Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2003.

•	The Lynn Stuart Weiss Lecturer of the American Psychological Foundation, American Psychological Association Convention, Toronto, Canada, 2003.

•	New Century Scholar, Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board, 2003.

•	Invited Presidential Lecturer, American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Chicago, IL, 2002.

•	Distinguished Scientist Award, Society for Experimental Social Psychology, 2002.

•	Visiting Senior Fellow, Research Institute of Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, Stanford University, 2001-2002.

•	National Science Foundation Research Grant for a Meta-Analytic Study of Intergroup Contact and Prejudice, 1999-2002.

•	Deutche Forschungsgemeinschaft Guest Professor of Psychology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany, 2000.

•	Distinguished Service Award of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1998.

•	Norman Munn Distinguished Scholar, The Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 1997.

•	Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, 1991.

•	Annual Faculty Research Award for the University of California, Santa Cruz campus, 1989.

•	(with Joanne Martin) The Gordon W. Allport Intergroup Research Prize of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues,1988.

•	The Kurt Lewin Award of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1987.

•	Elected Chair, Social Psychology Section of the American Sociological Association, 1985-1986.

•	Fellow of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, 1984-85.

•	Elected Council Member, American Sociological Association, 1979-82.

•	Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Governors State University (IL), 1979.

•	The Sydney Spivack Fellowship for Race Relations Research of the American Sociological Association, 1978.

•	Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, 1975-1976.

•	Senior Scientist Fellowship of the National Science Foundation, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland, 1974.

•	U.S. Office of Education Grant for the Study of School Desegregation, 1968-1971.

•	Guggenheim Foundaton Fellowship, 1967-68.

•	Elected President, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1967-68.

•	Elected Vice-President, Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity, 1962-1963.

•	Chair, Episcopal Presiding Bishop's Advisory Commission on Race Relations, 1961-1963.

•	Ella Lyman Cabot Fellowship (for South African travel), 1956.

•	Phi Beta Kappa (University of Virginia, 1952).

•	Raven Honor Society (University of Virginia, 1952).

MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS

In focusing on intergroup relations and prejudice throughout his career, Pettigrew drew on theory and methods from throughout the social sciences. His first major contribution showed that such strong personality predictors of prejudice as authoritarianism could not alone account for differences in prejudice between such areas as the Northern United States, the Southern United States and South Africa. Social norms, fashioned by the past histories of the groups, must also be considered. This work grew directly out of his Southern background and his training in both sociology and social psychology at Harvard.

A second major contribution involved the importance of intergroup contact for reducing intergroup prejudice and tension. Originally proposed by his mentor, Allport, Pettigrew extended the theory and demonstrated that most intergroup contact reduces prejudice, enhances trust, and helps to alleviate conflict. Thus, group segregation serves to exacerbate prejudice and conflict by severely restricting optimal contact between groups – a finding that substantiated an insight he had acquired early in his life in Virginia.

Another important contribution involved the predictive value of relative deprivation – the resentment that arises when people feel that they personally or their group is being unfairly deprived in contrast to a relevant comparison. This concept was initially advanced by another of his Harvard teachers, Samuel Stouffer. Pettigrew also extended this theory and showed that it was an important predictor of a variety of psychological processes. Feeling unjustly deprived personally relates to negative health outcomes and self-evaluations. Feeling that your group is unjustly deprived relates to prejudice and willingness to join collective protests.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Pettigrew has written more than 400 publications during more than a half-century. These writings include thirteen books and monographs, 126 book chapters and 175 articles. Those publications most closely related to his three principal contributions are listed below.

Books

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1964). A Profile of the Negro American. New York: Van Nostrand. •	Pettigrew, T. F. (1971). Racially separate or together? New York: McGraw-Hill. •	Pettigrew, T. F. (Ed.). (1975). Racial discrimination in the United States. New York: Harper & Row.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (Ed.). (1980). The sociology of race relations: Reflection and reform. New York: Free Press.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1996). How to think like a social scientist. New York: HarperCollins. •	Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. M. (2011) When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

Articles •	Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and socio-cultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross- national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12, 29 42.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1960). Social psychology and desegregation research. American Psychologist, 16, 105-112.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (Fall, 1965). Complexity and change in American racial patterns: A social psychological view. Daedalus, 94, 974-1008.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1967). Social evaluation theory: Convergences and applications. In D. Levine (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1967. Pp. 241-311. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

•	Vanneman, R. D., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1972). Race and relative deprivation in the urban United States. Race, 13(4), 461-486.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4), 461-476.

•	Walker, I., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1984). Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 301-310.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1986). The contact hypothesis revisited. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (eds.), Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters. Pp. 169-195. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 1986.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43 (1), 41-78.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1988). Influencing policy with social psychology. (The 1987 Kurt Lewin Award Memorial Address.) Journal of Social 	Issues, 1988, 44(2), 205 219.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 57-75.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173-185.

•	 Pettigrew, T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85. •	Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Responses to the new minorities of Western Europe. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 77-103.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (2004). Justice deferred: A half century after Brown v. Board of Education. American Psychologist, 59(6), 521-529.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (2007). European attitudes toward immigrants. In J. Peacock & P. Thornton (Eds.), Identity matters	(pp. 98-119). New York: Berghahn Books.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2007). Who opposes immigration? Comparing German results with those of North America. Du Bois Review, 4(1), 19-39.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U., van Dick, R.,& Zick, A. (2008). Relative deprivation and intergroup prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 385–401.

•	Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. 2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators.  European Journal of Social Psychology, 38. 922-934.

•	Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Reflections on core themes in intergroup research.In U. Wagner, L. Tropp, G. Finchilescu, & C. Tredoux (Eds.), Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

REFERENCES

1. Who's Who in the World (Ed. 12, etc.); Who's Who in America (Ed. 38, etc.); American Men and Women of Science, The Social and Behavioral Sciences, (Eds. 1, 2, 3, etc.); A prejudice against	prejudice, Psychology Today, 1986, 20 (12), 46-52; Thomas F. Pettigrew. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Second edition. Pp. 234-235; Cherry, F. (2008). Thomas F. Pettigrew (1931-  ), Building on the scholar/activist tradition in social psychology. In U. Wagner, L. Tropp, G. Finchilescu, & C. Tredoux (Eds.). Improving intergroup relations - Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

2. Nierman, A., & Crandall, C. (2009). Book review. Analysis of social issues and public policy, 9(1), 337-339.

EXTERNAL LINKS

•	Thomas F. Pettigrew profile (http://pettigrew.socialpsychology.org/) via Social Psychology Network.