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Phase Two

Federalist Party

Fact: Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism.

MLA citation: Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist Papers. Open Road Media, 2020.

ISBN : 9781504060998

Quote: The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens;

Phase Three

Den Hartog, Jonathan. Religion, the Federalists, and American Nationalism. Religions (Basel, Switzerland ), vol. 8, no. 1, 2017, p. 5.

The journal article inspects the Federalist’s nationalism to determine whether it is of the “open” or the “closed” type of nationalism. In studying the “openness” of Federalist’s nationalism, the author studied how the Federalists treated minorities, religions, as well as gender equality matters. It concluded that Federalist’s nationalism is more “open” in that it disregards the differences in ethnicity, religion, and sexuality to strive towards a common American ideal that unites the country. This article provides diversity information on race, religion, and gender.

Dauer, Manning J. The Adams Federalists. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/book.68505.

This book examines the Adams presidency and the struggles that Adams had to face in putting Federalists ideas into practice in his first term. The first two chapters offer an overview on the different statistics of the demographics of the Federalists under Adams’ presidency. The author goes into studying the different socio-economic and religious demographics that supported the Federalists. In doing this, he concludes that there is a diverse demographic for Federalists as far as socio-economic status and religion are concerned.

Phase Four

Fact 1 Paragraph: In this “open” nationalism, Federalists created spaces for minority groups. Although not all Federalists were opposed to slavery, many leaders of the anti-slavery cause were Federalists or the sons of Federalists. For example, many of the members of the New York Manumission Society were Federalists, an effort typified by John Jay and his family [32]. Meanwhile, in New England, many religious Federalists were at the forefront of opposing slavery [33–35]. Further, the Federalists recognized a political role for women—even though those same women would be subject to a Democratic-Republican “backlash” to expel them from politics [36,37]. Federalists even conceptualized a place for Native Americans in the new republic [38]. Although Federalist ideals were still imperfectly held and practiced, they at least embodied an attempt at an “open” nationalism in the early republic.

Fact 1 Summary: The Federalists' approach to nationalism was coined "open" nationalism in that it creates space for minority groups to have a voice in government. Most prominently, many Federalists were abolitionists, evident in the likes of John Jay and his family. Furthermore, Federalists created space for women to have a significant political role, which was not evident on the Democratic-Republican side.

Fact 2 Paragraph: The soundness of the position taken by Charles A. Beard, that the Federalist policy favored the commercial groups, while the Republicans represented the agrarians, is accepted as fundamental. However, although this is true of the Federalist policy; yet Federalist support was derived from a broader basis. In general, the Half-Federalists, as those who deviated from Hamiltonian orthodoxy are called, are to be found in farming sections.

Fact 2 Summary: While it has long been argued that commercial groups are in support of the Federalists and agrarian groups are in support of the Democratic-Republicans, studies have shown that support for Federalists was also evident in agrarian groups.

Article Section Fact 1 edit: The Federalists had a weak base in the South, with their main base in the Northeast and especially New England. It was the reverse for the Republicans. As a result, anti-slavery elements were largely based in the Federalist Party. Several leading Federalists, most notably John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, were leaders of the anti-slavery movement. They led the successful battles to abolish the international slave trade in New York City and the battle to abolish slavery in the state of New York. The Federalists' approach to nationalism was coined "open" nationalism in that it creates space for minority groups to have a voice in government. Most prominently, as mentioned above, many Federalists were abolitionists. Furthermore, Federalists created space for women to have a significant political role, which was not evident on the Democratic-Republican side.[84]

Fact 2 edit: The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities who supported a strong national government. The party was closely linked to the modernizing, urbanizing, financial policies of Alexander Hamilton. These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, the incorporation of a national Bank of the United States, the support of manufactures and industrial development, and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury. While it has long been accepted that commercial groups are in support of the Federalists and agrarian groups are in support of the Democratic-Republicans, recent studies have shown that support for Federalists was also evident in agrarian groups. In foreign affairs, the Federalists opposed the French Revolution, engaged in the "Quasi War" (an undeclared naval war) with France in 1798–99, sought good relations with Britain and sought a strong army and navy. Ideologically, the controversy between Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style. In terms of style, the Federalists feared mob rule, thought an educated elite should represent the general populace in national governance and favored national power over state power. Republicans distrusted Britain, bankers, merchants and did not want a powerful national government. The Federalists, notably Hamilton, were distrustful of "the people", the French and the Republicans.[77] In the end, the nation synthesized the two positions, adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state. Just as importantly, American politics by the 1820s accepted the two-party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate and the winner takes control of majority in state legislatures and the Congress and gains governorships and the presidency.