User:Tqhamesian/sandbox

This page displays all of the aspects of the eastern dialect of the Armenian Language. Although this page refers to Eastern Armenian, classical orthography is used as opposed to reformed Soviet orthography in order to preserve the language in it's purest form. = Phonology =

Vowels
There exist 6 monophthongs in Eastern Armenian with 7 letters and one digraph to represent them.

Consonants
There exist 32 consonant sounds in Eastern Armenian, 2 of which are allophones under certain conditions. All of which are displayed in the table below․ [ŋ] and [ɴ] occur as allophones of [n] before velar consonants. There exist no words that start with these phonemes.

= Articles = There are three articles in Eastern Armenian, 2 definite and 1 indefinite.

Definite Articles 1 -  'ը' is used for words that end in consonants. It is attached to the end of the word.

Example: Աթոռ(ը) կապոյտ է։

Translation: The chair is blue.

Definite Article 2 -  'ն' is used for words that end in vowels and when the following word starts with a vowel. It is attached to the end of the word.

Example 1: Քամի(ն) փչում է։

Translation: The wind is blowing.

Example 2: Աթոռ(ն) էր:

Translation: It was the chair.

Indefinite Article -  'մի' precedes the noun.

Example: Ես մի աթոռ կը բերեմ։

Translation: I will bring a/one chair.

= Plurals = There are exist two suffixes to form plurals in Armenian.

Plural Ending 1 -  'եր' is used for words that are monosyllabic.

Example: Նա երկու ձի(եր) ունի։

Translation: He has two horses.

Plural Ending 2 -  'ներ' is used for words that are polysyllabic.

Example: Ես վեց սեղան(ներ) ունեմ։

Translation: I have six tables.

= Grammatical Cases = There are 7 grammatical cases in Eastern Armenian. All of the grammatical cases listed below alter the meaning of a word indicationg location, possession, etc by adding a suffix to the word.

- Nominative

- Accusative

- Genitive

- Dative

- Ablative

- Instrumental

- Locative

Nominative Case
Use: Used to mark the subject of a verb of the predicate noun or adjective. It is the standard form of the noun.

Example: Ես գրքեր եմ գնում։ ( 'Գրքեր'  is the subject of the sentence). (   'եր' is a suffix indicating that the word is plural).

Translation: I am buying books.

Accusative Case
Use: Used to mark the object of the sentence. The accusative form of the noun is the same as the nominative.

Example: Արմինէն գիրգը գրեց։ ( 'Գիրգը' is the direct object of the sentence and is in the accusative case). (  'ը' ' is a definite article).

Translation: Armine wrote the book.

Genitive Case
Use: Used to mark possession. The genitive is formed by adding an 'ի՛ to the end of the noun.

Example: Սեղան(ի) գոյնը կարմիր է։ ( 'Սեղանի' is in the genitive case).

Translation: The table's color is red.

Dative Case
Use: Used to indicate the noun to which something is given. The dative is formed by adding an 'ի' to the end of the noun. It is identical to the genitive case.

Example: Ես գիրգը տուեցի Սոնա(ի)ն։ ( 'Սոնաին' is in the dative case). ('ն' is a definite article).

Translation: I gave the book to Sonia.

Ablative Case
Use: Used to express motion away from something. The ablative is formed by adding 'ից' to the end of the word.

Example: Ես դաշտ(ից) եմ գալիս։

Translation: I am coming from the field.

Instrumental Case
Use: Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves of accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept. The instrumental is formed by adding 'ով' to the end of the noun.

Example: Ես մատիտ(ով) եմ գրում։ ( 'Մատիտով' is in the instrumental case).

Translation: I write with a pencil.

Locative Case
Use: Indicates a location. The locative is formed by adding 'ում' to the end of the noun.

Example: Ես համալսարան(ում) կ'աշխատեմ։ ( 'Համալսարանում' is in the locative case).

Translation: I will work at the university.

Grammatical Case Table
Example using the word 'table.'

= Pronouns =

= Non Finite Verbs = The non finite form of a verb is known as the "infinitive." It is the standard, non conjugated form of the verb. The infinitive can take on up to 4 forms based on grammatical voice.

Example using the verb "to like."

Active Infinitive: Սիրել

Passive Infinitive: Սիրացնուել

Reflexive Infinitive: Սիրուել

Causative Infinitive: Սիրացնել

= Grammatical Verb Tenses = There are 15 grammatical verb tenses in Eastern Armenian, four of which are auxiliary verbs. The tenses alter the meaning of the verb based on when the action happens. The tenses are formed by adding either a prefix or suffix to the root of the verb or the infinitive form.

Note: There exist no progressive tenses in Armenian.

Example: The present tense means both, "I run" and "I am running."

- Past

- Preterite

- Imperfect Past

- Pluperfect

- Non Past

- Present

- Present Perfect

- Relative Future

- Absolute Future

- Future In The Past

- Relative Future Anterior (Auxiliary)

- Absolute Future Anterior (Auxiliary)

- Future in the Past Anterior (Auxiliary)

- Conditional

- Conditional Perfect (Auxiliary)

Past Tense
Use: Indicates that an action that takes place in the past. The past tense is in the optative mood showing that the action is desired.

Formula: To form the past tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place are added the following endings in bold in the table below.

Example: Եթէ Ես վազէի։

Translation: If I were to run.

Preterite Tense
Use: Indicates that an action takes place in the past and is completed.

Formula: To form the preterite tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place are added the following endings in bold in the table below.

Example: Դու տան մէջ վազեցիր։

Translation: You ran in the house.

Imperfect Past Tense
Use: Indicates that an action takes place in the past and is not completed or is still in progress.

Formula: To form the imperfect past tense. The infinitive ending of the verb is removed and the imperfect/present participle is added, used in conjunction with the conjugated form of "to be" in the preterite tense shown in the table below.

Example: Նա արագ վազում էր անտառում։

Translation: He was running fast in the forest.

Pluperfect Tense
Use: Indicates that an action happens before another past event.

Formula: To form the pluperfect tense, the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the past tense is used in conjunction with the infinitive form of the verb shown in the table below.

Example: Մենք երեկ էինք վազել։

Translation: We had ran yesterday.

Non Past Tense
Use: Indicates that an action takes place in either the present or the future. The non past tense is in the optative mood showing that the action is desired.

Formula: To form the non past tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place the following endings in bold are added shown in the table below.

Example: Եթէ դուք վազէք, առաջ պիտի հանգստանաք։

Translation: If you run, you must rest first.

Present Tense
Use: Indicates that an action takes place in the present.

Formula: To form the present tense, the infinitive ending is removed and the present/imperfect participle is added, used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the present tense.

Example: Նրանք քաղաքում վազում են։

Translation: I run in the city.

Present Perfect Tense
Use: Indicates a past event that has present consequences.

Formula: To form the present perfect tense, the conjugated form of the verb "to be" is used in the present tense in conjunction with the infinitive form of the verb.

Example: Ես այսօր վազել եմ։

Translation: I have ran today.

Relative Future Tense
Use: Indicates that an event that takes place in the future.

Formula: To form the relative future tense, the future/conditional participle is used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb in the non past tense.

Example: Դու վաղը կը վազես։

Translation: You will run tomorrow.

Absolute Future Tense
Use: Indicates that an action takes place farther into the future and is bound to happen.

Formula: To form the absolute future tense, the future participle is added to the end of the infinitive verb, used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the present tense.

Example: Նա Չինաստանում վազելու է։

Translation: She is going to run in China.

Future In The Past Tense
Use: Indicates that an action was bound to happen in the future but does not.

Formula: To form the the future in the past tense, the future participle is added to the end of the infinitive verb, used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the preterite tense.

Example: Մենք վազելու էինք։

Translation: We were going to run.

Relative Future Anterior Tense
Use: Indicates that an action is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future.

Formula: To form the future anterior tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place the passive participle is used followed by the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the relative future tense.

Example: Դուք վաղը վազած կը լինէք։

Translation: You will have ran tomorrow.

Absolute Future Anterior Tense
Use: Indicates that an action is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future. The action happens farther into the future and is bound to happen.

Formula: To form the absolute future anterior tense. The infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place the passive participle is used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the absolute future tense.

Example: Նրանք վազած են լինելու։

Translation: They are going to have ran.

Absolute Future In The Past Tense
Use: Indicates that an action was expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future but did not. The action happens farther into the future and was bound to happen.

Formula: To form the absolute future in the past tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place the passive participle is added, used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the future in the past tense.

Example: Ես վազած էի լինելու։

Translation: I was going to have ran:

Conditional Tense
Use: Indicates that an action could happen.

Formula: To form the conditional tense, the conditional/future participle is used in conjunction with the conjugated form the verb in the past tense.

Example: Դու կը վազէիր եթէ հիւանդ չլինէիր։

Translation: You would run if you were not ill.

Conditional Perfect Tense
Use: Indicates that an action could have happened.

Formula: To form the conditional perfect tense, the infinitive ending of the verb is removed and in its place the passive participle is used in conjunction with the conjugated form of the verb "to be" in the conditional tense.

Example: Նա վազած կը լինէր։

Translation: She would have ran.

= Grammatical Moods = There are 4 grammatical moods in Eastern Armenian. The moods alter the meaning of the verb based fact, desire, command, etc. The moods are formed by adding endings to the root of the verb or by adding words and participles.

- Indicative

- Optative

- Jussive

- Imperative

Indicative Mood
Use: Makes a statement or asks a question.

Information: With the exception of the past and non past tenses, all tenses are in the indicative mood.

Example: Ես երկուշաբթի օրը վազելու եմ։

Translation: I am going to run on Monday.

Optative Mood
Use: Indicates desire

Information: Only the past and non past tenses are in the optative mood.

Example: Թո՜ղ վազեմ։

Translation: Let me run!

Jussive Mood
Use: Used for issuing orders.

Information: Only the past and non past tenses are in the jussive mood.

Formula: To form the jussive mood, the word 'պիտի' is used in conjunction with the past and non past forms of the verb.

Example: Ես պիտի վազեմ։

Translation: I have to run.

Imperative Mood
Use: Forms commands and requests

Information: There is no tense differentiation in the imperative mood.

Formula: To form the imperative mood, the infinitive ending is removed from the stem and in its place the an ending is added.

Example: Վազի՜ր։

Translation: Run!

= Grammatical Voice = There exist 3 grammatical voices in Eastern Armenian. Grammatical voices describe the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).

- Active

- Passive

- Reflexive

- Causative

Active Voice
Use: It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages. The active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the main verb's agent.

Example: Ես վազում եմ այսօր։

Translation: I am running today.

Passive Voice
Use:

Formula: To form the passive voice, the infinitive ending is removed and the passive participle 'ած' is added.

Example: Ես վազած եմ։

Translation: I am run.

Mediopassive Voice
Use: The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence appears as the subject of a sentence with the passive voice.

Formula: To form the reflexive voice, the digraph 'ու' is added before the conjugation or attached participle. If the participle is 'ում', the letter 'ւ' is added instead.

Example 1: Վազուելը շատ դժուար է։

Translation: To be run is very hard.

Example 2: Ես վազւում եմ։

Translation: I am being run.

= Negation = Use: States that an action is negative.

Formula: To make any word, whether noun, verb, adjective or adverb negative, the letter 'չ' is attached to the front of the word.

Example: Ես չվազեցի։

Translation: I did not run:

= Syntax = Syntax is the word order in which a sentence can have. Armenian is flexible in the fact that it allows numerous possible arrangements for words.

- SVO (Subject, Verb, Object)

- SOV (Subject, Object, Verb)

- OVS (Object, Verb, Subject)

- OSV (Object, Subject, Verb)

- VSO (Verb, Subject, Object)

- VOS (Verb, Object, Subject)

SVO Example: Ես կարդում եմ գիրգը։

SVO Literal Translation: I read the book.

SVO Translation: I read the book.

SOV Example: Ես գիրգը կարդում եմ։

SOV Literal Translation: I the book read.

SOV Translation: I read the book.

OVS Example: Գիրգը կարդում եմ Ես։

OVS Literal Translation: The book read I.

OVS Translation: I read the book.

OSV Example: Գիրգը Ես կարդում եմ։

OSV Literal Translation: The book I read.

OSV Translation: I read the book.

VSO Example: Կարդում եմ Ես գիրգը։

VSO Literal Translation: Read I the book.

VSO Translation: I read the book.

VOS Example: Կարդում եմ գիրգը Ես։

VOS Literal Translation: Read the book I.

VOS Translation: I read the book.

= References = F