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Assignments
Week 4: Article Review

My article review will be on Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The information provided by the article is relevant to the subject. However, information must be added to the article in order to make it stronger and more informative about the disorder. For instance, in the causes section, the first statement is that the true cause of ODD is unknown. I believe that more information should be added to this statement and there should be a citation which would prove the author’s statement. The information that followed supplied more information about different influences, but they seemed to lack evidence. The article was written in a neutral state where no particular biases were present. It appears as if there were no writers with high enough knowledge in the subject that edited the article to portray their viewpoints to further describe aspects of ODD.

On a positive note, the links offered in the article do in fact work. They are especially present when the author talks about other disorders. The majority of the links brings you to other Wikipedia pages. When it comes to references, the article is somewhat weak. It tallies a total of fourteen references. Some of these references are from reliable source where the information illustrated is supported by the evidence the article. On the other hand, the author used information from less reliable resources such as BehaveNet. This is why information in this article must be revised and based on stronger and reliable references. In addition, in many cases, it is written “medical citation needed” and some information is not even cited which makes the claims a lot weaker and unreliable.

I have notice that at the start of the article, the author describes the different characteristics of the disorder based on the DSM 5. However, in the signs and symptoms section of the text, the author uses information from the DSM 4. Thus, there is more recent information that could be used instead of what is provided by this article.

The Talk page has a discussion about how the article does not have a criticism section. Some people think that there should be a section for criticism, but other think that it should be implemented in the actual text with reliable sources. I believe the text lacks in both area because I could not observe any criticism in the article. Other discussions are about how some sections such as the epidemiology are brief which I thought so too. The article was rated a C, mid-importance in the WikiProject Psychology.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Additions needed to the article

As our group discussed what we needed to add to the article, we came up with these following ideas: Co-morbidity, Signs and Symptoms, Social-cognitive factors, Epidemiology, Criticisms section, Management (into sub-sections and areas: behavior therapies and medication) and Prognosis section. We decided to focus on these sections because they were under developed or they were non-existent.

Epidemiology

Oppositional defiant disorder has a prevalence of 1% to 11%. The average prevalence is approximately 3.3%. Gender and age play an important role in the rate of the disorder. In fact, ODD gradually develops and becomes apparent in preschool years; often before the age of eight years old. However, it is very unlikely to emerge following early adolescence. There is difference in prevalence between boys and girls. The ratio of this prevelance is 1.4 to 1 in favor of boys being more prevalent than girls before adolescence. On the other hand, girls’ prevalence tends to increase after puberty. When researchers observed the general prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder throughout cultures, they noticed that it remained constant. However, the sex difference in ODD prevalence is only significant in Western cultures. There are two possible explanations for this difference which are that in non-Western cultures there is a decrease prevalence of ODD in boys or an increase prevalence of ODD in girls. There are other factors that can influence the prevalence of the disorder. One of these factors is the socioeconomic status. Youths living in families of low socioeconomic status have a higher prevalence. Another factor is based on the criteria used to diagnose an individual. When the disorder was first included in the DSM-III, the prevalence was 25% higher than when the DSM-IV revised the criteria of diagnosis. The DSM-V made more changes to the criteria grouping certain characteristics together in order to demonstrate that ODD display both emotional and behavioral symptomatology. In addition, criteria was added to help guide clinicians in diagnosis because of the difficulty found in identifying whether the behaviors or symptoms are directly related to the disorder or simply a phase in a child’s life. Consequently, future studies may obtain results indicating a declination in prevalence between the DSM-IV and the DSM-V due to these changes.