User:Tsizzley21/sandbox

Old Stub

Quercus falcata, commonly known as the southern red oak or Spanish oak, is a tree in the red oak section (Lobatae) of the genus Quercus native to the eastern and south-central United States.

Range[edit]
Quercus falcata occurs on dry or sandy upland sites from southern New York (Long Island) south to central Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the northeastern portion of its range the species is relatively rare and found almost exclusively along the coast; its highest prevalence is throughout the piedmont region of the Southeast.

Description[edit]
Quercus falcata is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree 25–30 meters (82–98 ft) tall, with a few forest grown specimens on highly productive sites reaching 35–44 meters (115–144 ft), with a trunk up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in diameter, the crown with a broad, round-topped head.

The leaves are 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long and 6–16 cm (2 1⁄4–6 1⁄4 in) wide, with 3 to 5 sharply pointed, often curved, bristle-tipped lobes, the central lobe long and narrow; the small number of long, narrow lobes is diagnostic, readily distinguishing southern red oak from other red oaks. The base of the leaf is distinctly rounded into an inverted bell shape and often lopsided. They are dark green and shiny above, and rusty and hairy below, particularly along the midrib and veins. The seed is a short acorn 9–16 mm (11⁄32–5⁄8 in) long, bright orange-brown, enclosed for one-third to half of its length in a flat cup. The acorn matures at the end of its second season. The bark is dark brownish gray with narrow, shallow ridges.

Southern red oak has been reported to form occasional hybrids with several other red oaks in the region. the southern red oak is cultivated in eastern United States in USDA Zone 5a to USDA Zone 9b can survive lows from -23°c to -28.8 °C (-10°f to -20 °F) and highs of 38° C (100° F)

Queen Anne’s County Oak – A southern red oak on record as the largest southern red oak in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. The oak was located on Romancoke Road. It fell on July 23, 2017 due to a tornado. The tree was at least 200 years old, stood 66 feet (20 m) tall, and had a 102.5-foot (31.2 m) spread.

References[edit]

 * 1) ^
 * 2) ^
 * 3) ^
 * 4) ^
 * 5) ^
 * 6) ^ https://treesdb.azurewebsites.net/Browse/Trees/127925/Details
 * 7) ^ Richman, Talia; Davis, Phil; Dance, Scott (July 24, 2017). "'It's devastating': Tornado causes extensive damage on Kent Island". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 25, 2017.

My edit

= Wikipedia Draft = Quercus falcata, commonly known as the southern red oak or Spanish oak, is a tree in the red oak section (Lobatae) of the genus Quercus native to the eastern and south-central United States. (Unedited)

Introduction
Quercus falcata, southern red oak, Spanish oak, Bottomland Red Oak or Three-lobed Red Oak is an oak (part of the genus Quercus). Native to the southern, eastern and southeastern Untied States, it gets its name the "Spanish Oak" as these are the areas of early Spanish colonies, whilst "Southern Red Oak" comes from both it's range and leaf color during late summer/fall. This plant is a tree so is perennial and free standing, meaning it comes back year after year whilst supporting itself with it's woody stem. The Southeren Red Oak is also a deciduous angiosperm, so has leaves that die after each growing period and come back in the next period of growth, alongside the flowers and fruits that conceal it's seeds.

Description
Quercus falcata is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree 25–30 meters (82–98 ft) tall, with a few forest grown specimens on highly productive sites reaching 35–44 meters (115–144 ft), with a trunk up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in diameter, the crown with a broad, round-topped head.

The leaves are 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long and 6–16 cm (2 1⁄4–6 1⁄4 in) wide, with 3 to 5 sharply pointed, often curved, bristle-tipped lobes, the central lobe long and narrow; the small number of long, narrow lobes is diagnostic, readily distinguishing southern red oak from other red oaks. The base of the leaf is distinctly rounded into an inverted bell shape and often lopsided. They are dark green and shiny above, and rusty and hairy below, particularly along the midrib and veins. The seed is a short acorn 9–16 mm (11⁄32–5⁄8 in) long, bright orange-brown, enclosed for one-third to half of its length in a flat cup. The acorn matures at the end of its second season. The bark is dark brownish gray with narrow, shallow ridges.

Southern red oak has been reported to form occasional hybrids with several other red oaks in the region. the southern red oak is cultivated in eastern United States in USDA Zone 5a to USDA Zone 9b can survive lows from -23°c to -28.8 °C (-10°f to -20 °F) and highs of 38° C (100° F)

Queen Anne’s County Oak – A southern red oak on record as the largest southern red oak in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. The oak was located on Romancoke Road. It fell on July 23, 2017 due to a tornado. The tree was at least 200 years old, stood 66 feet (20 m) tall, and had a 102.5-foot (31.2 m) spread. (Completely unedited)

Distribution and Habitat
Quercus falcata occurs in sandy/loamy/clay soils of upland sites. These soils are often dry/lack moisture, acid based and lack quality of other soils, they are abused and degraded. In suitable habitat, the Southern Red Oak can range from Southern New York (Long Island) south to central Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the northeastern portion of its range the species is relatively rare and found almost exclusively along the coast; its highest prevalence is throughout the piedmont region of the Southeast.

List of States with Quercus falcata :


 * Alabama
 * Arkansas
 * District of Columbia
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Illinois
 * Indiana
 * Kentucky
 * Louisiana
 * Maryland
 * Missouri
 * Mississippi
 * North Carolina
 * New Jersey
 * Ohio
 * Oklahoma
 * Pennsylvania
 * South Carolina
 * Tennessee
 * Texas
 * Virginia,
 * West Virginia

Partially edited and added to

Taxonomy
Quercus falcata is within the division of Magnoliophyta, which are plants that flower, and class of Magnoliopsida, plants which are Dicotyledons. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, are a group of plants where seeds are found within a flower or fruit, evolving to encourage other organisms to help with pollination, attracting them in with sweet scents, vibrant colors and fruits. Dicotyledons are plants that produce 2 seed leaves when plant is a seedling/embryo, using carbohydrate stores to provided energy for them to emerge. The Southern Red Oak is classified further, being placed in the family of fagaceae, the beech family, and Quercus genus. The fagaceae family is made up of 6 genera, chestnut, Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach, chinquapin, beech, tanoak and oak, which iself as a genus holds 400-500 species.

Uses
The Southern Red Oak is a tree with very diverse potential uses. Humans have been able to acquire timber to use for manufacturing of floors, furniture, construction materials and lumber thanks to the sturdy, durable and coarse-grained wood it provides. The Southern Red Oak is vital in the southeastern United Sates due it's hardwood production, providing around 8.1% of annual hardwood volume. Southern Red Oak wood has also been used as a fuel source thanks to it's high heat value. As well as the timber, the Southern Red Oak provides tannin and an extensive root system. Tannin is used to culture leather, whilst the large root system provides watershed protection to reduce flood damage and soil stability. Other human uses such as shade, food, aesthetic uses in gardens and other extractives from these trees have been adopted. Besides human use, animals also enjoy what the Southern Red Oak can provide with deer, squirrels, turkeys, song birds and quail eating it's acorns.

Risks
The Southern Red Oak is susceptible to damage as a result of its thin bark. This thinner bark means that fire can easily damage the trees in the form of fire scars and other damage. The harm caused by fire leaves the trees vulnerable to rot fungi which cause heart rots. Also, when exposed to the fungi, Ceratocystis fagacearum, the Southern Red Oak, along with other oak species, will suffer from wilting of leaves, reducing rate of photosynthesis to such a low level that sufficient sugar carbohydrate production can't be maintained and therefore die. This occurs by the fungi getting into water and once tree takes up infected water, fungi invades xylem, blocking the vessels and preventing normal flow of water up through the tree.

Conservation
Overall, this species is seen to be of least concern with the general population being stable and having no immediate threats of which are significant to change this. Despite this, populations continue to be monitored due to the emergence of Ceratocystis fagacearum. This fungus causes the wilting of oak leaves, eventually causing them to die. Oak Wilt doesn't currently appear to be damaging the population, but with the Southern Red Oak being seen as a species of major importance to ecosystems, efforts to prevent oak wilt are being taken. In attempts to manage oak wilt, an integrated approach is adopted, combining root disruption, sanitation, and chemical application to tackle the issue. The goal of root disruption is to prevent any infected trees coming into contact with those that are healthy by grafting roots. This means putting trenches, plow line or even a barrier to prevent roots of infected trees coming into contact of those that are healthy. Sanitation measures focus removing the source of potential spread of disease, the trees that are infected. This can mean just removal of individuals who were infected or even removal of all trees that fall within the infection centre. Finally, there are chemical applications which involve application of fungicides to healthy individuals to prevent them becoming infected, or a therapeutic fungicide which can't cure the tree but reduces intensity and onset of symptoms. Some form of propiconazole injection is used.

Etymology
The etymology of the Quercus falcata begins with the genus, Quercus, which is Latin for "Oak" and followed by the Specific epithet, falcata, which in Latin means "sickle-shaped" in reference to the shape of the lobes that are present on their leaves.