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Clean eating

Clean eating is a way of life based on the belief that eating whole foods in their most natural state and avoiding processed foods such as refined sugar offers certain health benefits. Variations on the clean eating diet may also exclude gluten, grains, and dairy products and advocate the consumption of raw food.

The idea of "clean eating" has been criticized as lacking in scientific evidence and potentially posing health risks.

The clean eating concept has been associated in the media with Ella Mills, Natasha Corrett, and the Hemsley sisters; although by 2016 Mills and the Hemsley sisters had distanced themselves from the phrase and said they never used it.

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While there is criticism for this trend, there are some positives of this dietary trend. Some positives from this trend include the increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Most Americans do not get enough fruits, vegetables, fiber, and whole grains in their diet, and eating 'clean' will result in the consumption of healthier foods. Eating clean will also reduce the amount of sugar and ultra-processed foods in your diet, which have been proven to be unhealthy, and can lead to a variety of diseases.

Raw foodism

History[edit]
Eugene Christian and George J. Drews, founders of the American raw food movement

Perhaps the first documented evidence (in the hagiography of Yafqərännä Ǝgziˀ) of a commitment to raw food was by the Ethiopian monk Qozmos, who in the late 1300s CE committed to the ascetic discipline of eating only uncooked food. This posed a problem for his Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church monastery because he refused to eat the bread of the Eucharist, which is cooked. As a result, he fled the church and went to live with the Jewish community of the Beta Israel.

Contemporary raw food diets were first developed in Switzerland by Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867 – 1939), who was influenced as a young man by the German Lebensreform movement, which saw civilization as corrupt and sought to go "back to nature"; it embraced holistic medicine, nudism, free love, exercise and other outdoors activity, and foods that it judged were more "natural". Bircher-Benner eventually adopted a vegetarian diet, but took that further and decided that raw food was what humans were really meant to eat; he was influenced by Charles Darwin's ideas that humans were just another kind of animal and Bircher-Benner noted that other animals do not cook their food. In 1904 he opened a sanatorium in the mountains outside of Zurich called "Lebendinge Kraft" or "Vital Force," a technical term in the Lebensreform movement that referred especially to sunlight; he and others believed that this energy was more "concentrated" in plants than in meat, and was diminished by cooking. Patients in the clinic were fed raw foods, including muesli, which was created there. These ideas were influential to Ann Wigmore a notable raw food advocate but were dismissed by scientists and the medical profession as quackery.

One of the earliest books to advocate raw foodism was Eugene Christian's Uncooked Foods and How to Use Them, 1904. Other proponents from the early part of the twentieth century include Californian fruit grower Otto Carque (author of The Foundation of All Reform, 1904), George Julius Drews (author of Unfired Food and Trophotherapy, 1912), Bernarr Macfadden, who practiced a raw fruitarian diet as a young tycoon, and Herbert Shelton, who also advocated fasting. Drews influenced John and Vera Richter to open America's first raw food restaurant "The Eutropheon" in 1917.

Shelton was arrested, jailed, and fined numerous times for practicing medicine without a license during his career as an advocate of rawism and other alternative health and diet philosophies. Shelton's legacy, as popularized by books like Fit for Life by Harvey and Marilyn Diamond, has been deemed "pseudonutrition" by the National Council Against Health Fraud.

In the 1970s, Norman W. Walker (inventor of the Norwalk Juicing Press) popularized raw food dieting. Leslie Kenton's book Raw Energy - Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices. The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food, which it claims will prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived Hunza people and Gerson therapy, an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.

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Raw foodism also plays a significant role on today's media and pop culture. Lots of the exposure this movement gets is because of famous people who participate in and endorse raw and vegan lifestyles. Some famous people who follow this lifestyle include: Woody Harrelson, Alicia Silverstone, Miranda Kerr, Jason Mraz, and Venus Williams. Mraz and Williams have both follow this lifestyle because of diabetes, and Sjogren's syndrome, respectively. The other three simply chose to eat raw because of the health benefits it provided them, and moral reasons.

Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork

Prohibitions in Islamic law
One example of verses from the Quran on pig consumption:"Forbidden to you (for food) are dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah(God). that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been (partly) eaten by a wild animal; unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form); that which is sacrificed on stone (altars); (forbidden) also is the division (of meat) by raffling with arrows: that is impiety. This day have those who reject faith given up all hope of your religion: yet fear them not but fear Me. This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion. But if any is forced by hunger, with no inclination to transgression, Allah is indeed Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.."

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The reasons in Islamic law for prohibiting the consumption of pork is similar to the reasons in the Jewish faith. In ancient times, and even today, pigs are viewed as dirty animals who eat their own excrement. Pigs are the most sustainable and efficient source of meat, with 35% of the energy in its feed being converted to edible meat. Despite this, Islamic law prohibits the consumption of pork, in part because of its dirty appearance.