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Tony Wyss-Coray is a immunologist, neuroscientist, and the D. H. Chen Professor II of Neurology and Neurological Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine. His lab studies brain aging and neurodegeneration with a focus on age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's Disease. He is best known for his lab's discoveries which showed that circulatory factors in blood plasma can modulate brain structure and function, and that factors from young organisms can rejuvenate old brains.

Early life and education
Kipnis was born into a Jewish family in Tbilisi, Georgia. His father and maternal grandmother were both physicians and his mother was an academic with a focus in Russian literature and language. Surrounded by physicians, Kipnis knew from a young age that he wanted to cure diseases. He received his undergraduate degree in biology at Tel Aviv University in Ramat Aviv, Israel in 1998, and his Master's in neurobiology at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel  in 1999.

For his graduate training, Kipnis remained at the Weizmann Institute of Science. He first worked with Moshe Oren in cancer immunology, but was inspired by  Michal Schwartz,   to pursue a PhD in neuroimmunology. He joined Schwartz's lab   the year that they discovered the therapeutic benefit of T cells in spinal chord and brain injury, a pioneering finding that began the study of the protective roles of autoimmunity in CNS disease. This was the beginning of Kipnis' career exploring the connections between the brain and the immune system.

In the Schwartz Lab, Kipnis' work focused on T cell based autoimmune reactions in CNS injury and neurodegeneration. Kipnis elucidated the pleiotropic roles of regulatory T cells in CNS injury versus CNS homeostasis. By depleting naturally occurring regulatory T cells after CNS injury, he was able to improve neuronal survival in mice. However, by up-regulating effector autoimmune T cells through immunization with CNS antigen, he was able to improve recovery after CNS injury. These results showed that the immune system's intrinsic mechanisms to protect against autoimmunity, might not be beneficial when insults demand autoimmune effector function for tissue maintenance.

Kipnis remained at the Weizmann for his postdoctoral training in Schwartz's lab. IIn this period he and other members of the lab, discovered that brain antigen specific T cells play a role in neurogenesis and cognitive functions, such as memory and spatial learning. This was one of the seminal findings showing that the immune system, through T cells, plays a role in cognition and brain homeostasis.

Career and research
Wyss-Coray joined the University of California, San Fransisco as an Assistant Adjunct Professor in 1997. In 2002, he moved to Stanford University School of Medicine and held a position as a Research Career Scientist at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Currently, Wyss-Coray has a primary appointment in the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and is co-director of the NIH Alzheimer's Disease Research Center in Stanford University.

Meningeal lymphatic vessels
Kipnis is credited with the 2014 discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels, a recently discovered network of conventional lymphatic vessels located parallel to the dural sinuses and meningeal arteries of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). As a part of the lymphatic system, the meningeal lymphatics are responsible for draining immune cells, small molecules, and excess fluid from the CNS and into the deep cervical lymph nodes. While it was initially believed that both the brain and meninges were devoid of lymphatic vasculature, the 2015 Nature paper by Jonathan Kipnis and his postdoctoral fellow Antoine Louveau reporting this r was cited nearly 600 times by 2017

His discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels was included in Scientific American's "Top 10 Science Stories of 2015", Science Magazine's "Breakthrough of the Year", Huffington Post's "Eight Fascinating Things We Learned About the Mind in 2015" and the National Institutes of Health's director Francis Collins year end review.

Cytokines and behavior
Other research has included the 2015 discovery that the immune system directly affects social behavior and that IFN-gamma is necessary for social development. This expands upon his work as a graduate student, when he discovered that mice lacking T-cells had cognitive impairments.

His lab also elucidated the role of meningeal gamma delta (γδ) T cells in anxiety behavior,. finding that γδ T cells are resident in high numbers in the meningeal immune compartment, and that they actively transcribe the cytokine IL-17a at homeostasis. They further discovered that the release of IL-17a from γδ T cells was correlated with anxiety behavior in mice, finding high expression of IL-17a receptor in the prefrontal cortex glutamatergic neurons, and discovered that when they knocked down IL-17a receptor in cortical glutamatergic neurons, this recapitulated the anxiety phenotype in mice.

He and his group in 2015 investigated  CD4+ T-cells protection and repair of neurons after injury to the spinal cord and brain. A collaboration with Kodi Ravichandran characterized the generation of neurons in adult brains and the removal of dead neurons by phagocytic cells.

In 2016, and his group identified  type 2 innate lymphocytes in the meninges near the lymphatic vessels his lab previously discovered. These cells have previously have been found in the gut, which suggests a link between the brain and the microbiome. In mice, these cells were activated by IL-33 after spinal cord injury.

Awards and honors
Kipnis' work has been funded by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, National Institutes of Health, the Hartwell Foundation, and the Cure Alzheimer's Fund. In 2018, he was awarded the NIH's prestigious Director's Pioneer Award and $5.6 million in additional research funding.


 * 2011 Robert Ader New Investigator Award
 * 2011 PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society (PNIRS)
 * 2012 Jordi Folch-Pi award, American Society for Neurochemistry
 * 2014 Distinguished Research Career Development Award, University of Virginia
 * 2015 Gutenberg Research College (GRC) fellowship, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
 * 2016 Harrison Foundation Distinguished Teaching Professorship in Neuroscience
 * 2016 MIND Institute Distinguished Lecturer.
 * 2018 NIH Director’s Pioneer Award
 * 2020 NIH/NIA MERIT Award

Select publications

 * Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF, Smirnov I, Martelossi Cebinelli G, Mamuladze T, Baker W, Papadopoulos Z, Lopes MB, Cao WS, Xie XS, Herz J, Kipnis J. Meningeal γδ T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol. 2020 Nov;21(11):1421-1429. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0776-4. Epub 2020 Sep 14..
 * Rustenhoven J, Kipnis J. Bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Science. 2019 Dec 20;366(6472):1448-1449. doi: 10.1126/science.aay0479..
 * Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, Derecki NC, Castle D, Mandell JW, Lee KS, Harris TH, Kipnis J. (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):337-41..
 * Filiano AJ, Xu Y, Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W, Smirnov I, Overall CC, Gadani SP, Turner SD, Weng Z, Peerzade SN, Chen H, Lee KS, Scott MM, Beenhakker MP, Litvak V, Kipnis J. (2016) Unexpected role of interferon-γ in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour. Nature Jul 13;535(7612):425-429..
 * Sandro Da Mesquita, Antoine Louveau, Andrea Vaccari, Igor Smirnov, R. Chase Cornelison, Kathryn M. Kingsmore, Christian Contarino, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Emily Farber, Daniel Raper, Kenneth E. Viar, Romie D. Powell, Wendy Baker, Nisha Dabhi, Robin Bai, Rui Cao, Song Hu, Stephen S. Rich, Jennifer M. Munson, M. Beatriz Lopes, Christopher C. Overall, Scott T. Acton & Jonathan Kipnis. (2018) Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Nature. Aug;560(7717):185-191