User:Tyler Johnson32/sandbox

Blanca
gas bladder: pharyngeal pouches:
 * the relation of the swim bladder to the inner ear in antimora rostrara to increase hearing sensibility in the deep sea (article).[1 ] ; Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 701
 * how the swim bladder and the lungs differentiate from one another and where both derived. Also in the evolution section it should include the taxa groups that lacks or have swim bladders. Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 417-418; 428-430.
 * it should include a section on a brief summary on embryogenesis on the germ layer that forms the pharyngeal puches while also the several derivatives that form from it. Also the specific location in which they develop. This article also give more details about the different pouches it forms. [2 ]

Tyler
URL Sources for Anatomy and Physiology of Air Breathing in Amia

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00210110?LI=true

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/physzool.64.2.30158184

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0034568781901146

Blanca
Article selected for editing: Swim bladder Section: structure and function, Paragraph # that needs improvement: 6
 * Draft about the relation between the swim bladder and the Weberian apparatus (relationship between both regarding detection and hearing of sound)

Tyler
On the Swim bladder page, there is no source for the claim "but scientists now believe that the swim bladder derived from a more primitive lung." I think there is something in the Comparative Anatomy textbook that could substantiate this claim. Also could add a piece about how in the bowfin, most waste CO2 is still excreted into the water.

Also there is a contradiction between the Bowfin and Fish scale pages. The bowfin page asserts that: "Unlike all of the most primitive actinopterygians, the scales of bowfin differ in that they are not ganoid scales, rather they are large, single-layered cycloid scales closer in similarity to more derived teleosts.", while the fish scale page states: "Ganoid scales are found in the sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, bowfin, and bichirs". This dispute needs to be cleared up and can I recommend commenting on both pages talk section. The "Amia Calva" page on the Florida museum site managed by the University of Florida states that "(the bowfin) is encased with cycloid scales." Using this as a reputable reference should be able to clear up this dispute. It also provides a good and broad overview of the organism which could be used as a launching point. URL: https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/discover/species-profiles/amia-calva

Also by suggestion by Dr. Schutz, adding a high resolution photo of a bowfin scale to the fish and scale page utilizing the dissection scope would be beneficial.

Also Fish scale page is light on content and could possibility be updated with how scales help the fish functionally, or how scales and mammalian hair arise in a similar manner from dermal tissue: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982201004389

Emily
Makeup of the Amia Skull: (this section is copy edited below)The source I used for this edit was:

[1 ] ; Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 701

The Amia skull is composed of these three major skull layers:

Chondrocranium

Splanchnocranium

Dermatocranium

Within each of these layers are many bones, which will be elaborated on within the actual edit.

I think along with the actual edit of the morphology page I can add an evolutionary explanation of why the Amia skull makeup is the way it is.

For example: More bones mean more mobility, but less stability, which is useful since the Amia lives in water and won't need a ton of stability since it is supported by the water. I could also show the change from paleostyly, to modified hyostyly, which is what the Bowfin has. I also plan to edit (slightly to each of these pages).

Amia Talk Page Group Edit
(Tyler) I have added the following to the talk page to the Fish scale page: This page claims that the Bowfin features Ganoid scales, however this is incorrect. The bowfin wikipedia has this correct in claiming that the body is in fact covered with cycloid scales. This example should be moved from the Ganoid section to the Cycloid section. Here is a link to the University of Florida's Florida Museum page that corroborates my claim: Florida Museum- Amia Calva. I plan to edit this change in adding the aforementioned source. Another possible edit includings adding a high resolution photograph of a Bowfin scale obtained with a dissecting microscope.

Gas Bladder (Structure and function section)
The swim bladder in some species, mainly fresh water fishes (Common carp, catfish, bowfin) is interconnected with the inner ear of the fish. They are connected by four bones called the Weberian ossicles from the Weberian Apparatus. These bones can carry the vibrations to the Saccule and the Lagena (anatomy). They are suited for detecting sound and vibrations due to its low density in comparison to the density of the fish's body tissues. This increases the ability of sound detection. The swim bladder can radiate the pressure of sound which help increase its sensitivity and expand its hearing. In some deep sea fishes like the Antimora, the swim bladder maybe also connected to the Macula of saccule in order for the inner ear to receive a sensation from the sound pressure.

-We should organized a little more this sandbox like adding bullet points and doing a content with sections. she would teach us on Friday in class. :) I also went to her office hours and she suggested to make a connection with Physostome that Emily mentioned and the gas bladder, which could give us an idea when dissecting the Bowfin and looking at the pneumatic duct and its connection to the gas bladder. Then we can look at its relationship with the digestive tract. Also feel free to make corrections on my draft and suggest any information that could improve it.

Article Edit Draft #1 (Tyler)
On Fish scale: Changing "Ganoid scales are found in the sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, bowfin, and bichirs." to "Ganoid scales are found in the sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, and bichirs."

Changing:  "The placoid scales of cartilaginous fishes are also called dermal denticles and are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth." to " The placoid scales of cartilaginous fishes are also called dermal denticles and are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth, containing enamel that originates from the epidermal tissue just like other vertebrates teeth.

Changing: "Cycloid (circular) scales have a smooth texture and are uniform, with a smooth outer edge or margin. They are most common on fish with soft fin rays, such as salmon, and carp." to "Cycloid (circular) scales have a smooth texture and are uniform, with a smooth outer edge or margin. They are most common on fish with soft fin rays, such as salmon, bowfin and carp. These thin, circular scales are made of bone, originating from dermal tissue. These thin scales are largely transparent, allowing pigmentation in the skin of the fish to show through and show the often brilliant colors of the ray-finned fish.

= Bowfin Article: Possible Edits = This article is labeled as a start and has very little information. This article is only a stub. Only has one reference. Bowfins are Physostomes, so adding more information to this page would be beneficial to the Bowfin page. This article is rated as a start, and only has 10 references. This is how Bowfin are able to exchange age so it would be valid to know.
 * Actinopterygii
 * Physostome
 * Hypoxia

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.plu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=6a8cf914-e42f-4599-8b5a-b3ae2b397ad5%40sessionmgr101&vid=1&hid=124 ~terhaaed
 * In general the morphology/physiology section of the Bowfin page is lacking quite a bit. I think from what is in our textbooks there could be quite a bit of information added. I also think that our dissection will be helpful in adding to this section.
 * Page 71 has a good deal about the skull of the Bowfin and the cranial layers...chondrocranium and dermatocranium.
 * page 46 shows the axial skeleton
 * page 62 shows the pectoral girdle and the appendages.
 * page 45 shows the ribs

Morphology Edits to Bowfin Page (Emily) Draft #1
The average length of a bowfin is 50 cm (20 in); females typically grow to 65–70 cm (26–28 in), males to 50–65 cm (20–26 in). Records indicate bowfin can reach 109 cm (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kg (21.5 lb). Young of the year typically grow to 13–23 cm (5.1–9.1 in) by October. Females tend to grow larger than males. Diagram showing fins and eyespot of a bowfin. USFW&S The body of the bowfin is elongated and cylindrical, with the sides and back olive to brown in color, often with vertical bars, and dark reticulations, or camouflaged pattern. The dorsal fin has horizontal bars, and the caudal fin has irregular vertical bars. The underside is white or cream, and the paired fins and anal fin are bright green. During larval stage, hatchlings from about 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) total length are black and tadpole-like in appearance. At approximately 25 mm (0.98 in) total length they have been described as looking like miniature placoderms. They grow quickly, and typically leave the nest within 4 to 6 weeks after hatching. Young males have a black eyespot on the base of the tail (caudal peduncle) that is commonly encircled by an orange-yellowish border while the female's is black, if present at all. It is thought the purpose of the eyespot is to confuse predators, deflecting attacks away from the head of the fish to its tail, which affords the bowfin an opportunity to escape predation. The bowfin is so named for its long, undulating dorsal fin consisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from the middle of the back to the base of the tail.

The skull of the bowfin is made of two layers of skull, the dermatocranium and the chondrocranium. The chondrocranium layer cannot be seen because it is located below the dermal bones. The bowfin skull is made up of 28 fused bones, which compose the dermatocranium. The roof of the mouth is made up of 3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the pre maxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial suface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the inter temporal, the post parietal, the suptratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones.

The post cranial elements of the bowfin skelton consist of the vertebrae and the girdles. Drawing of a bowfin skull showing the bony plates protecting the head Bowfin are often referred to as "living fossils", or "primitive fishes" because they retained some of the primitive characters common to their ancestral predecessors, including a modified (rounded externally) heterocercalcaudal fin, a highly vascularized gas bladder lung, vestiges of a spiral valve, and a bony gular plate. The bony gular plate is located underneath the head on the exterior of the lower jaw between the two sides of the lower jaw bone. Other distinguishing characteristics include long, sharp teeth, and two protruding tube-like nostrils.Unlike all of the most primitive actinopterygians, the scales of bowfin differ in that they are not ganoid scales, rather they are large, single-layered cycloid scales closer in similarity to more derived teleosts.

Edits to the Chondrocranium Page(Emily) Draft #1
The chondrocranium (or cartilaginous neurocranium) is the primitive cartilaginous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embryonic brain. The main job of this layer is to encase the sensory organs.

The chondrocranium in different species can vary greatly, but in general it is made up of five components, the sphenoids, the mesethmoid, the occipitals, the optic capsules, and the nasal capsule.

In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood. In cartilaginous fishes (e.g. sharks and rays) and agnathans (e.g. lampreys and hagfish), the chondrocranium persists throughout life. Embryologically, the chondrocranium represents the basal cranial structure, and lays the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates.

Emily Draft #2
In this draft I will be adding aspects of evolution to the Bowfin morphology section. I will be using the textbook as my source again for the evidence of these edits. [1 ] ; Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 701
 * 1) Evolution of skull elements
 * 2) Evolution of axial skeleton
 * 3) Evolution of Appendicular Skeleton

Evolution of Bowfin Morphology

The first fishes lacked jaws and used negative pressure to suck their food in through their mouths. The jaw in the Bowfin is a result of their evolutionary need to be able to catch and eat bigger and more nutritious prey. The jaw of a bowfin has several contributions. The maxilla and pre maxilla are fused and the posterior chondrocranium articulates with the vertebra which allows the jaw freedom to rotate. The suspensorium includes several bones and articulates with the snout, brain case, and the mandible. When the jaw opens epaxial muscles lift the chondrocranium which is attached to the upper jaw, and adductor muscles close the lower jaw. This ability to open and close the jaw allows the bowfin to become more of a predator, in that it can catch bigger prey and be able to mechanical catch, and digest it.

The vertebral column in Bowfin is ossified and in comparison to earlier fishes, the centra is are the major support fr the body, whereas in earlier fish the notochord was the main line of support. In Bowfin neural spines and ribs also gain prominence, an evolutionary aspect that helps them stabilize unpaired fins. The evolution of the vertebral column allows the bowfin to withstand lateral bending that puts the column under compression without breaking. This in turn allows the bowfin to have more controlled and powerful movements, in comparison to fish that had only a notochord. The bowfin has a homocercal tail, which means that the tail has equal lobes that appear symmetrical.This type of tail gives the body a streamlined shape which allows the bowfin to improve its swimming ability by reducing drag. These types of tails are common in fish with gas bladders, because the bladder supplies the fish with natural buoyancy.

The bowfin is an actinopterygii which means that the pectoral girdle is partly endochondral but mostly dermal bone. In this group of fishes the fins function to maneuver, brake, and for slight positional adjustments. The pectoral girdle of the bowfin is comprised of 6 parts. The post temporal, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, cleithrum, scapulacoracoid, and the clavicle make up the pectoral girdle.

Gas bladder (Risk of Injury section)

 * In many Anthropogenic activities, like pile driving or even Seismic wave, that could result from climate change or natural causes, can create high-intensity sound waves that could cause a certain amount of damage to fishes that possess a gas bladder, which includes physostome and Physoclisti. Physostomes can release air in order to decrease the tension in the gas bladder that may cause internal injuries to other vital organs. While physoclisti can't expel air fast enough, making it more difficult to avoid any major injuries . Some of the commonly seen injuries included ruptured gas bladder and renal Haemorrhage. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish and didn't affect their mortality rate.  Investigators used the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance Fluid Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with a electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.

Weberian apparatus (evolutionary section)

 * An important feature within the formation of the Weberian apparatus, which is a synapomorphy of the Otocephala, is the attachment of the anterior Pleural cavity(rib) to the Swim bladder. Another crucial feature is the anterior otophysic diverticula of the swim bladder and contacting the inner ear, seen in extant Clupeiformes. There is also a relationship between the interossicular ligament and the swimbladder is that it originated from the swim bladder diverticulum. This was shown by comparing the fiber of the ligament and the tunica externa of the swim bladder that have the same histological composition of elastin and icthyocoll (a specfic type I collagen).

Bowfin Article (Feeding Behavior) in relation to Gill Rakers:

 * There were also some studies regarding the mortality rate of the bowfin. In 1916, A female bowfin was starved for twenty months.  It was the longest period that any vertebrate has been with out food during observation, as far the writer was aware during that time. Some independent studies focus on the bowfin's ability to used organic material as a source of food. So the observed the structure of gill raker. They concluded that it didn't benefit from the organic material in the water because the gill raker were short with blunt processes and a short space between them.Even bacteria could enter and exit through the gill easily. Their structure alone indicate that the Amia doesn't used microorganism as a source of food.
 * I also added and image showing the bowfin's gill rakers with a brief description of their structure and its connection to the gill arch.

Blanca
I really appreciate the feedback that I received. Regarding my draft on the gas bladder's relation to sound (which is a little bit general) I will concentrate more on the different sound waves depending on the density of the water. I will try to find sources that talk about the advantages of detecting certain sound waves and even the consequences or injuries (as suggested by Cassidy) on detecting sound waves or sounds that are over the limit. During my research finding my sources I had never seen any articles regarding some of the injuries (physical) that the gas bladder may cause so that will be interesting to see. I'll also will include more primary literature to back up my ideas instead of only relying on the book (which is super helpful btw). Finally, regarding the organization of the group sandbox I organized it the best I can and I hope it easier to navigate. But overall thank you guys for the really good feedback!

Dissection preferences (Tyler)
My preferences in order are: The Chimaera because I am interested in how animals are evolved to live in a different environment such as an aquatic one. For this animal editing the main page Chimaera would be useful as it is just a start. My second choice is the rat as they are a close analogue to human anatomy. The page Rat, although detailed does not have really any anatomy or a section on evolutionary history of the clade. My third choice is the Iguana, I am interested in this animal simply to learn more about reptile anatomy and how it differs from mammalian. The Parietal eye would be a good page to expand on in relation to the iguana as well as the Tympanum (anatomy).