User:Tzolfaghari/Fertility tourism

First Paragraph

Things to add:

what type of prohibitions/ regulations for fertility in other countries

Citations for:

Change IVF destinations to just IVF
 * The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal prohibitions or regulation of the sought procedure in the home country, the non-availability of a procedure in the home country, as well as lower costs in the destination country. (restructure sentence) Comparison of costs later?
 * The main procedures sought are in vitro fertilization (IVF) and donor insemination, but also surrogacy

Destinations

General Suggestions

About 20,000 to 25,000 women (often accompanied by their partners) annually seek cross-border assisted reproductive technology (ART) services. -> Move this away from being its own sentence and into the Destinations category.


 * See if we can be more specific about how many people go to each country and cite
 * See if we can get a history on how this started or why people go to certain countries -> More history/background info

Need Citations


 * Many travel from countries like Germany and Italy, which are very restrictive of the number of eggs that may be fertilized and how many embryos can be used for implantation or cryopreservation. In recent years, Mexico has become a popular destination for cross-border IVF treatment due to its liberal ART and egg donation policies. With over 30 years of experience in infertility research and treatment, Iran is one of the world’s pioneers in effective infertility treatment especially IVF. IVF centers in Iran are using the most advanced methods and utilizing the up-dated equipment provide the infertility treatment services to all Iranian and foreign couples. Even small countries such as Barbados provide JCI-accredited IVF treatment aimed at women from abroad.

Risks

General Suggestions


 * The burden of multiple births generated by placing too many embryos is carried by the patients and the home country.
 * talk more about this and elaborate on potential complications
 * what are the risks?

Donor Insemination

General Suggestions


 * Make a characteristics header for second paragraph
 * make second paragraph starting at "another emerging destination.."

Need Citations


 * A woman may go to another country to obtain artificial insemination by donor. The practice is influenced by the attitudes and sperm donation laws in the host country.

Origins

General Suggestions


 * change header to donor shortages
 * At least 250 Swedish sperm recipients travel to Denmark annually for insemination. Some of this is also due to that Denmark also allows single women to be inseminated. It is illegal to pay donors for eggs or sperm in Canada. Women can still import commercial U.S. sperm, but that's not true for eggs, resulting in many Canadian women leaving the country for such procedures.
 * these two need to be moved

Need Citations


 * Prior to the change in the law, the limit in the number of children born to each donor depended upon practitioners at fertility clinics, and Belgian and Spanish clinics were purchasing donor sperm from abroad to satisfy demand for treatments. Anonymous donation was permitted in Belgium and is a legal requirement in Spain. These two countries also allowed single heterosexual and single and coupled lesbians to undergo fertility treatment. Ironically, at the time, many Belgian and Spanish clinics were buying sperm from British clinics donated by British donors, and they were able to use that sperm according to local laws and limits. In addition, lesbian women from France and eastern Europe travelled to these countries in order to achieve a pregnancy by an anonymous donor since this treatment was not available to them in their own countries. British fertility tourists must therefore now travel to other countries particularly those that do not include children born to foreigners in their national totals of children produced by each donor.

Surrogacy destinations

General Suggestions


 * Fertility tourism for surrogacy is driven by legal restrictions in the home country or the incentive of lower prices abroad.
 * move this to the introduction
 * change the order of the countries to how they are said in the introduction
 * see if we can talk about different factors of surrogacy

Need Citations


 * The whole first introduction paragraphs
 * Cite first paragraph in the U.S. section

Put in a timeline - such as is it decreasing or increasing in popularity.

** SUGGESTIONS FROM 7/30**

add in background section

-include how many people experience infertility

"Popular destinations for fertility preservation are Belgium, Denmark,Germany, USA, and Israel."

-from CBRC article, found that some countries have restrictions on things such as the number of embryos to transfer

At the top:

This growing phenomenon defined as cross border reproductive care (CBRC) is also known as fertility tourism, reproductive tourism, procreative tourism, transnational reproduction, reproductive travel (“reprotravel”), or reproductive exile.

Background

IVF was originally created to help patients with blocked fallopian tubes and is now over 42 years old. [cite 10.1093/humupd/dmv016]

Infertility, or the inability to get pregnant, affects about 8-12% of couples looking to conceive or 186 million people globally. In some places rates of infertility surpass the global average and can go up to 30% depending on the country. Areas with lack of resources, such as assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), tend to correlate with the highest rates of infertility. [cite 10.1093/humupd/dmv016] Other impacts on the need for fertility treatments from other countries include infertility, single, those that identify as a part of the LGBTQIA+ community and patients of older age. [29808382]

Legal Controversies: There are differing amounts of laws and regulations on surrogacy around the world which dictate where potential parents travel to obtain surrogacy. For instance, there are places where there is a lack of laws or guidelines for surrogacy and many custody battles have resulted in outlawing surrogacy and deeming parental rights to the surrogate over the intended parents, or fully legalizing surrogacy all together. In countries where surrogacy is banned, there have been many instances where the intended parents go to different destination for surrogacy, but then have difficulty bringing their new children back to their countries. Also, there are some countries that ban commercial surrogacy, but allow unpaid "altruistic surrogacy" and also provide the contracts to the involved parties. [32727903]

Religious Views

There are many differing religious views surrounding surrogacy with regards to lineage and heritability, motherhood, and marital fidelity. Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, and other Christian denominations outside of Catholicism generally approve of surrogacy, but each with some concerns. Catholicism; however, generally views any third party involved in marriage or procreation to be an intrusion, and thus commonly views gestational surrogacy as an intrusion to the marital bond. Other Christian denominations have a wide variety of views from encouraging surrogacy as it shares the blessing of parenthood, to viewing surrogacy as a means of confused identity in a child and a disruption in traditional marital practices and procreation. There is Islamic religious concern centered mainly around the importance of and confusion of lineage and inheritance. With Judaism, there are concerns regarding legitimacy and most tend to believe that motherhood belongs to the person who actively delvers the child. Hinduism views infertility as a curse to be cured by any means necessary, generally approving of surrogacy. [31897847]