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citations for articles

Tungiasis - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/tungiasis/

Tungiasis - Medscape (author=Darvin Scott Smith) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231037-overview Life Cycle with Fortaleza Stages http://img.medscapestatic.com/pi/meds/ckb/46/37546.jpg

Tunga Penetrans: Biology, Life Cycle and Control Authors: D. Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=16976

Tungiasis Jorg Heukelbach Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo vol.47 no.6 São Paulo Nov./Dec. 2005 http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-46652005000600001 doi/10.1590/S0036-46652005000600001

Blood-feeding of Tunga penetrans males Medical and Veterinary Entomology Volume 18, Issue 4, pages 439–441, December 2004 L. H. Witt, P. M. Linardi, O. Meckes, S. Schwalfenberg, R. A. Ribeiro, H. Feldmeier and J. Heukelbach DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00533.x "The adult female Tunga lodges in the epidermis of the mammalian host, grows by neosomy, becomes gravid and expels eggs." "After penetrating the epidermis for a few hours, evidently for capillary feeding from the dermis, males withdrew their mouthparts and crawled away, whereas the females remained completely embedded, hypertrophying to become gravid, eventually dying in situ after oviposition."

Parasitology Research August 2003, Volume 90, Issue 6, pp 449-455 Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil II. Prevalence, parasite load and topographic distribution of lesions in the population of a traditional fishing village Marion Muehlen, Jörg Heukelbach, Thomas Wilcke, Benedikt Winter, Heinz Mehlhorn, Hermann Feldmeier http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-003-0877-7

Parasitology Research September 2007, Volume 101, Supplement 2, pp 233-242 Investigations on the life cycle and morphology of Tunga penetrans in Brazil N. Nagy, E. Abari, J. D’Haese, C. Calheiros, J. Heukelbach, N. Mencke, H. Feldmeier, H. Mehlhorn http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-007-0683-8 "females enter at a nonfertilized stage through the skin of their hosts. Only there the copulation occurs, while females and males brought together in a Petri dish showed no interest in each other. In any way—fertilized or not—the females start about 6 days after penetration and hypertrophy with the ejection of eggs. While fertilized eggs proceed to development, the unfertilized ones remain arrested. The eggs are ovoid and measure about 600 × 320 μm. The larvae hatch from the eggs 1–6 days (mean 3–4) after ejection. Formation of larvae 2 took at least another day, while 4 up to 10 days more were needed until this larva starts pupation (mean 5–7 days). The formation of the adult fleas inside the puparium occurred within 9–15 days (with a maximum hatch at day 12). Adult female fleas having reached the skin of a host start blood sucking within 5 min and prepare to enter the skin. After 24 h, the flea stacked already with two thirds of its body inside the skin. After 40 h, the penetration was completed, and feeding and hypertrophical enlargement started, which was completed on day 6, when eggs became ejected. "

Parasitology Research January 2007, Volume 100, Issue 2, pp 413-421 Morbidity assessment in sand flea disease (tungiasis) Judith Dorothea Kehr, Jörg Heukelbach, Heinz Mehlhorn, Hermann Feldmeier http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-006-0348-z two severity scores were developed: one for acute disease and one for chronic sequels

Parasitology Research April 2008, Volume 102, Issue 5, pp 875-880 Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology, and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: VII. The importance of animal reservoirs for human infestation Daniel Pilger, Stefan Schwalfenberg, Jörg Heukelbach, Lars Witt, Heinz Mehlhorn, Norbert Mencke, Adak Khakban, Hermann Feldmeier "overall prevalence of tungiasis in humans was 39% (95% CI 34–43%). Of six mammal species present in the village, only cats and dogs were found infested. The prevalence in these animals was 59% (95% CI 50–68%). In households, where infested pet animals were present, a higher percentage of household members had tungiasis (42% [95% CI 30–53%] versus 27% [20–33%], p = 0.02), and the intensity of the infestation was higher (six lesions versus two lesions, p = 0.01). The intensity of infestation in animals correlated with the intensity of infestation in humans (rho = 0.3, p = 0.02). Living in a household with an infested dog or cat led to a 1.6-fold (95% CI 1.1–2.3, p = 0.015) increase in the odds for the presence of tungiasis in household members in the bivariate analysis and remained a significant risk factor in the multivariate regression analysis."