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Jean Granarolo (6 April 1915–15 May 1996 ) was a French classicist who was a professor at the University of Nice. He is most known for his work on the Roman poet Catullus. He wrote three books published by Les Belles Lettres: L'Œuvre de Catulle (1967), D'Ennius à Catulle (1971), and Catulle, ce vivant (1982). He was bestowed with the Ordre des Palmes académiques, the Royal Order of George I, and Ordre national du Mérite and was active in the Société des Agrégés, Association Guillaume Budé, and Académie du Var.

In 1982, it was claimed that "Professor Granarolo's knowledge of Catullan problems and the enormous modern literature dealing with them is probably without parallel among living scholars". Hans Peter Syndikus called him "The good expert of international literature on Catullus". Andreas Wankenne called him "one of the great specialists of Catullus". P. Orosio called him "an accomplished specialist in the poetry of Catullus".

Early life, education, and career
Jean Granarolo was born on 6 April 1915 in Algiers, French Algeria. His parents, Marie Granarolo, née Polverelli, and Antoine Granarolo, were Corsican and had moved there for work. His mother taught French literature at a girl's lycée in Algiers, and his father was an Honorary Principal Inspector of Customs. He attended the Petit Lycée de Mustapha, and the Grand Lycée d'Alger.. In the 1931–1932 school year, Granarolo and Albert Camus took a philosophy class at the grand lycée taught by Jean Grenier. Granarolo later went to the the Faculté des lettres at the University of Algeria, where he studied classics. He was educated up through his Diplôme d'études supérieures in Algiers.

In 1937, he moved to study for the Agrégation de grammaire at the University of Paris; he became agrégé in 1939. The French Algerian newspaper L'Écho d'Alger congratulated Granrolo on passing the agrégation. Granarolo spent a few months in the French army, and was was mobilized from September 1939 to July 1940 for World War II. In December, 1940, Granarolo moved to Toulon; there he taught at a boy's lycée. He taught classics there for 17 years. He also taught at the École technique supérieure de la marine. Granarolo was a Latin Assistant de l'enseignement supérieur en France at the Université d'Aix from 1957 to 1963. He began teaching Latin language and literature at the University of Nice in 1963, where he rose through the academic ranks from maître-assistant, to maître de conférences, and then professeur, before retiring in 1984.

Granarolo got his Doctorat d'État from the Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines of the University of Paris. His doctoral advisors were Pierre Boyancé and Jacques Perret (philologist). His primary thesis was titled L'Œuvre de Catulle: Aspects religieux, éthiques et stylistiques and his secondary thesis was titled D'Ennius à Catulle: Recherches sur les antécédents romains de la «poésie nouvelle». He defended both theses on 2 December 1967. The jury at his dissertation defense, in addition to Boyancé and Perret, included Jean Collart and Henri Le Bonniec. Summaries of his two theses were written for Annales de l'Université de Paris. The journal Education in France also published a summary of Granarolo's principal thesis. An announcement of his doctorate was published in Le Monde.

At Nice, he twice held the position of first associate dean (Premier Assesseur du Doyen) of Civilization Studies. He also led the Center of Romanistic Studies (Centre d'Études de Romanistique) for ten years. With this role, he helped with the development of studies of Niçard and Corsican at the university. He also was in charge of his faculty's publication association from 1969 to his retirement; eighty volumes were published over the course of his twenty-year leadership. Books were published in nine fields: classical antiquity, history, geography and regionalism, French literature, foreign literature, comparative literature, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and human sciences.

Works
Granarolo wrote three books which were published by Les Belles Lettres. Two of them were his doctorat d'État theses, which were published in 1967 and 1971. His third book, Catulle, ce vivant, was published in 1982. He also published more than 120 articles between 1949 and 1995. A list of his papers up through 1985 was published in the Festschrift in his honor. The foreword to this Festschrift points out a survey on the Neoterics for Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt and a bibliographic review of Catullus for Lustrum as two publications Granarolo is known for.

L'Œuvre de Catulle
Les Belles Lettres published Granarolo's primary thesis, L'Œuvre de Catulle:Aspects religieux, éthiques et stylistiques in 1967. He dedicated it to Boyancé, who was his advisor for this thesis. Granarolo also wrote a summary of his thesis for L'Information littéraire. This book was reviewed by: Bollettino di Studi Latini, Bulletin critique du livre français, The Classical Review, Emerita, Euphrosyne, Latomus (journal), Revue des études anciennes, and Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes.

Granarolo's preface notes there were fewer Catullan scholars writing in French compared to those writing in English, German, and Italian. Unlike many primary theses which have a narrow scope and are mostly concerned with new ideas, this book is more of a general overview of Catullus. Much of it represents the critical consensus of its time, although there are some original arguments. Granarolo analyzes Catullus's works in terms of religious, ethical, and stylistic issues; each gets its own part of the book.

ENGLISH: Kenney


 * Henry Bardon's review for Latomus
 * E. J. Kenney's review for The Classical Review
 * Pierre Boyancé review for Revue des études anciennes
 * Alfred Ernout's review for Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes
 * Paolo Fedeli's review for Bollettino di studi latini

One of Granarolo's ideas in this thesis was that Catullus might have been receptive to Christianity had he lived later. He attributes these "pre-Christian" qualities to Catullus based on his reading of Catullus 76. Granarolo later wrote that this idea was heavily criticized by others. E. J. Kenney's review wrote "Important states of Granarolo's argument rest on little more than simple faith". Paolo Fedeli also found Granarolo's arguments unconvincing. One bibliography from 1972 noted "the personal beliefs of the author play a major role" in regards to Granarolo's interpretation.

More in, ,

This idea comes up in his later monograph, Catulle, ce vivant as well.

He further argued these ideas in a 1986 paper: "Catulle «préchrétien»?", published in Les études classiques. Granarolo argues this because the poem's narrator thinks the gods will help recover from his illness because he's lived righteously and because he thinks the gods will show pity.

Granarolo emphasizes use of imagery, interrogatives, affectivity, and irony.

E. J. Kenney's review for The Classical Review criticized Granarolo's writing style for being too pretentious, although said he was "a scrupulously fair and courteous controversialist".

Various reviews also thought that the book had too many citations and references to other Catullan scholars, but some praised Granarolo for how well he know the bibliography

D'Ennius à Catulle
Granarolo's secondary thesis, D'Ennius à Catulle: Recherches sur les antécédents romains de la «poésie nouvelle», was published in 1971. It was published with assistance from the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

Journals which reviewed it included American Classical Review, The American Journal of Philology, L'Antiquité classique, Bollettino di Studi Latini, Bulletin critique du livre français, The Classical Review, The Classical World, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, Gnomon, L'Information littéraire, Latomus (journal), and Revue des études latines.

It was meant to be a historical prologue to L'Œuvre de Catulle

The goal of this book is to determine earlier Roman poets' influence on Catullus.

The book has three parts. Part I discusses the surviving fragments of Laevius's poem Erotopaegnia and its relation to other poetry from the second and early first centuries BCE. Part II proposes Erotopaegnia was a theatrical script which would be sung and accompanied with mimes; he relates the Menippean satires by Varro and the poetry of Catullus to this supposed theatrical tradition. Part III looks for similarities betwen the poetry of Catullus and Lucilius and traces various traits of Latin poetry from Plautus through Catullus.

This is a book about the Neoterics prior to Catullus.

He focuses on Laevius, Lucilius and Varro Reatinus as precursors to the neoterics.

He also argues the main characterictics of Catullus's poetry are premeditation, discipline, and duplication.

Half the book is concerned with to the poet Laevius; E.D. Francis said this was the "chief merit" of this work.

Some reviews expressed skepticism for his arguments, particularly given the fragmentary nature of what survives of these early poets. Minyard said some of Granarolo's analyses were "misunderst[ood]" and in one case "unacceptable".

E. J. Kenney's review for The Classical Review thought the endeavor as a whole was largely futile ("For is it not all such reconstructions of fragmentary evidence are bound to be largely erroneous[...]?"), but said his discussion of Neoteric poets before Catullus was "not notably more implausible than other works of its type" and that "many of his inferences, if not compelling, are at least tenable". John-Douglas Minyard's review for The Classical World similarly noted the issues with drawing conclusions from "fragmentary" and "paltry" "ruins", concluding his "speculations and conclusions are more complex than the structure of the evidence".


 * Harry Jocelyn for Latomus
 * Henry Bardon's review for Gnomon
 * Werner Krenkel's review for Deutsche Literaturzeitung
 * Michel Zéraffa's review for BCLF

Cunningham notes that Granarolo has an admitted bias for citing European scholars: Jocelyn also thinks Granarolo gives too much credence to his contemporaries and is dismissive of the views of historical classicists such as Baehrens, Lucian Mueller, Housman, and Havet.

Jocelyn criticized Granarolo's writing style, although Grillo praised the book for its clarity and vivacity.

Bardon thought the book suffered from having too many notes and references which bog the reader down.

Catulle, ce vivant
In 1982, Les Belles Lettres published Granarolo's book Catulle, ce vivant. It was reviewed in: L'Antiquité classique, Augustinus, A.U.M.L.A., Bulletin critique du livre français, Les études classiques, Euphrosyne, Gnomon, Greece and Rome, L'Information littéraire, Latomus (journal), Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, Revue des études grecques, Revue des études anciennes, and Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes.

The first chapter provides information about the biography of Catullus; Thomson's 1998 bibliography calls this chapter "valuable". Granarolo argues that Catullus lived from 82BCE to 52BCE. This is span shifted forward two years from the range commonly accepted by English- and German-speaking classicists; Catulle, ce vivant is one of the main works arguing for these later dates. The second chapter is about the history of manuscripts and arrangement of the poems, he is more sympathetic to the view that an editor after Catullus's death arranged the order of the poems. Chapters 3–5 and 7–8 chapters discuss themes and structures of the poems. The sixth chapter is about the history of Catullan scholarship. The book also includes an illustrated appendix about Sirmio, a "very full and useful classified bibliography", and indices for ancient and modern authors.

Granarolo also argues against an idea that Catullus wrote all his works after his time in Bithynia.


 * passim in Syndikus 2001


 * Henry Bardon (for Gnomon)
 * Andreas Wankenne

Granarolo first used this title for a public lecture in April 1957 for l'Academie du Var.

Edited volumes
Granarolo also co-edited a Festschrift for René Braun which was published in 1990. Hommage à René Braun comprised two volume: I. De la préhistoire à Virgile: Philologie, littérature et histoire anciennnes and II. Autour de Tertullien. The occasion was Braun's 70th birthday. Granarolo was responsible for selecting and bringing together the contributions and Michèle Biraud verified the works. In total, these two volumes consisted of thirty contributions. Granarolo contributed a chapter himself about the concept of mercy in the ancient world. Gérard Freyburger's review for Les études classiques noted "the great chronological scope and the thematic richness" of the collection. Hervé Savon's review for L'Antiquité classique praised the selection of papers for how they highlighted Braun's research interests as well as the extents of his friendship. Pol Tordeur described the volumes as "beautiful" in his review for Latomus (journal). The volumes were also reviewered for Revue des études latines, and the second volume about Tertullian was reviewed in Vigiliae Christianae.

Festschrift
René Braun edited a Festschrift in Granarolo's honor, on the occasion of Granarolo's 70th birthday and his retirement from teaching. This volume, Hommage à Jean Granarolo: Philologie, littératures et histoire anciennes, was published in September 1985. Thirty-six people contributed chapters to the volume; they included scholars from France as well as from Germany, Belgium, Italy, Canada, and the United States. Most of the chapters were about Latin literature. Many chapters were about Catullus in some capacity, including those contributed by Henry Bardon, Auguste Haury, Robert Schilling, and Alfonso Traina. Additional papers were about other Roman poets, such as those written by Francesco Della Corte, Ettore Paratore, Jacques Perret (philologist), and Charles Segal. Contributions about archaeology and history were written by Raymond Chevallier, Pierre Grimal, Jacques Heurgon, and Gerhard Zinserling, among others. There were several articles about Ancient Greece, and assorted chapters on philology, literary history, and the history of religion. P. Orosio's book review for Augustinus described it as "a valuable and enjoyable contribution to classical studies", Simon Byl's review for Latomus (journal) called it a "very pleasant volume", and Luc Duret's review for Revue des études latines characterized it as a "beautiful and rich anthology",

Orders
Granarolo was honored with various orders of merit. He was a Commander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques. In 1959, Paul of Greece awarded Granarolo the officer's cross of the Royal Order of George I. He was also a Knight, and later Officer, of the Ordre national du Mérite

Learned societies
Granarolo served as Var's delegate for the Société des Agrégés for eleven years and also was part of the the Société's management committee. He also created and was active in the leadership of the Toulon chapter of the Association Guillaume Budé. He founded this chapter in 1949 and was its president until 1968. He was also a member of the Steering Committee of the Asssociation of Teachers of French and Ancient Languages. Granarlo was elected to be a member of the Académie du Var in 1952. The same year he was elected to the Académie racinienne. Granarolo was also a member of the Orbilian Society, and was its president for the year 1959.

Personal life
Granarolo was a devout Catholic. He got married in 1946 and had four children. Their eldest child, Philippe, is a professeur agrégé of philosophy; their youngest child is an education consultant.

Illness and death
A serious accident in 1986 immobilized Granarolo for a few months and weakened his health. He also became nearly entirely deaf. Granarolo died in Nice at the age of 81, His funeral rites were held on 17 May 1996 at the Église Sainte-Thérèse in Nice. His death was announced in Le Monde, and Braun wrote an obituary for Revue des études latines. Jacques Ferrier wrote an obituary for Bulletin de l'Académie du Var.