User:Universal Life/Biervos1

Below is a list of basic introductory words in Judaeo-Spanish and five other languages.

Abbreviations

 * JS stands for Judaeo-Spanish.
 * OU stands for Ortoģrafía Unida meaning "United Orthography".
 * AY stands for Aki Yerushalayim meaning "Here Jerusalem".
 * OT stands for Ortoģrafía Turca meaning "Turkish Orthography".
 * OF stands for Ortoģrafía Francesa meaning "French Orthography".
 * OE stands for Ortoģrafía Ebrea meaning "Hebrew Orthography".

Writing systems and orthographies

 * Ortoģrafía Ebrea, typically written as Rashi (in print) or Soletreo (in handwriting) is the original writing system of Judaeo-Spanish.

Latin-alphabet orthographies
Starting in the 1850s, people began to write in the Latin alphabet (OF orthography), and later also in the Greek, Cyrillic and Arabic alphabets. Today most people write with Latin-alphabet orthographies. However there is no consensus as to which of the 12 Latin orthographies to write with. The most used and accepted of these are the French (OF), Turkish (OT), Anglo-Saxon phonetic (AY) and Spanish (OU).
 * Ortoģrafía Francesa is the oldest of all the Latin-based orthographies. Even here, there is no consensus on orthographical rules. Originally /u/ was spelled as "ou" and /e/ as "é" just as in French, giving spellings such as mountcho, dérangear, quon, etc. Today even though those spellings are still used by some, in practice OF spelling has evolved to forms like muntcho, deranjar and kon, similar to the "Vidas Largas" association, which also prefers to spell in a more standardised form.
 * Ortoģrafía Turca started after the introduction of the modern Turkish alphabet by Atatürk in 1928. It is used mostly by Turkish Jews in Turkey, Israel and elsewhere.
 * Aki Yerushalayim refers to spelling standards developed by an Israeli magazine of the same name; the magazine published between 1979 and 2016.
 * Moshe Shaul, the magazine's creator, first created some spelling standards in 1979. However AY orthography took its present form after a few reforms in 2004, seven years after the creation of Autoridad Nasyonala del Ladino in 1997. The spelling standard, sometimes also referred to as Anglo-Saxon spelling for not using any diacritics, is a shallow orthography, as it is phonemically based.


 * Ortoģrafia Unida was born, just like Aki Yerushalayim, out of standardisation efforts. It was created in 2002 through the efforts of philologists around Istanbul University. It was modified in 2006 and again in 2008, and took its present form in 2011. While AY's efforts were simply to standardise the spelling of different sounds, OU aimed at standardising the spelling at the morphophonemic level as well, in order to create an orthography with both phonemic and multi dialectal properties. In other words, speakers of different dialects—who would pronounce the same words differently—would not need to spell them differently. Thus, OU facilitates a standard and united form of writing.
 * OU has enough diacritics to allow people speaking different dialects (including Haketia) to read it in native pronunciations, while not having so many as to complicate writing. It is therefore a deeper and multidialectal orthography.
 * For example, the letter "f", coming before diphthongs such as -ue and -ui (fue and fui) is pronounced as an "h" (/x/: hue and hui) in many dialects. This produces the same word is spelled differently within the body of the same page in a newspaper: fuerte, fuego, fuente and huerte, huego, huente. Moreover the diphthong "ue" can be pronounced as "oe" by speaker of some dialects. Thus someone who writes in AY, OT or OF can spell the word "fuente" (according to his own pronunciation) as: fuente, foente, huente or hoente. However in OU it is simply spelled as fuente.