User:Universalcosmos/sandbox

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_do_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Zilh%C3%A3o

http://oal.ul.pt/inicio/historia-recente-do-oal/o-director-campos-rodrigues/ http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/ciencia/p53.html

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancioneiro_Geral

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Serr%C3%A3o

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicion%C3%A1rio_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Anes_Foga%C3%A7a

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_do_Prado_Coelho

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falar_Verdade_a_Mentir

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Milagre_de_Ourique_%28Domingos_Sequeira%29

>> https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_de_Sent_Sov%C3%AD

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Viegas

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Saraiva

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltazar_%C3%81lvares

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Arruda

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduto_da_%C3%81gua_de_Prata

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Arruda

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADptico_do_Convento_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_%C3%89vora

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Vilar_de_Frades

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_cortes_em_Portugal

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_Pacheco

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Cr%C3%B3nicas_medievais

>> https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_de_el-rei_D._Pedro_I

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>> https://www.juandemariana.org/ijm-actualidad/analisis-diario/balmes-y-el-marginalismo-en-espana

https://www.forbes.com/sites/alejandrochafuen/2018/07/09/the-good-economic-judgment-of-father-jaime-balmes/

Leon Gómez Rivas, professor of the history of ideas at the European University, in an article for the Juan de Mariana Institute, summarizes well how other Spaniards saw and see Balmes. Writes Gómez Rivas: "In his well-known Manual of the History of Economic Doctrines, Professor Lucas Beltrán, on his chapter on Marginalism, wrote a brief epigraph (two pages) entitled A Spanish precedent: Balmes. Beltrán points out that "although it would be an exaggeration to call Balmes an economist" … "the idea of ​​marginal utility is drawn with sufficient precision" in his article. Gómez Rivas adds that for his part, in New Studies of Political Economy, Prof. Jesús Huerta de Soto also makes an allusion to the aforementioned article by Balmes, explaining how “this "Thomist" author was "able to resolve the paradox of value and enunciate very clearly the theory of marginal utility” 27 years earlier than Carl Menger himself. Ubiratán Jorge Iorio, of the Mises Institute in Brazil, and a professor who influenced thousands of students, dedicates a chapter of his book on the origins of Austrian economics to Jaime Balmes, and points to it as one of the great precursors of a correct notion of economic value.

The essential paragraphs of Balmes’ value theory recognize that the cost of labor contributes "to the increase of the value of the thing; but it is always accidental and the true value never depends on it." Furthermore, economic value depends on two factors, utility and scarcity:    [B]eing the value of a thing its utility or aptitude to satisfy our needs, the more precisely it provides for this satisfaction, the more value it will have; but one should also consider that if the number of these means increases, the need for any of them in particular decreases [so that] "there is a necessary dependence, a ratio between the increase and decrease in value, and the shortage and abundance. In addition to value, Jaime Balmes analyzed several topics relevant to economics. He wrote about technological innovations, which he did not fear; the role of businessmen as employers and as members of civil society; and the fiscal problems of the day. Given the importance for Spain of this latter topic, I will only summarize his ideas on this last point.

For this Catalan priest, "new taxes are very often the source of riots and upheavals; perhaps there is no other reason that caused them in such greater numbers." He added that not even "the most absolute monarchies are exempt from this type of resistance.” He pointed out three main causes for the fiscal problems: the loss of income that the State received from the Church; excessive military expenses; and the multiplication of public employees. On this last factor, Balmes stressed that "the finance minister who does not attend to the origin of the evil, will only aggravate it: in matters of finance the palliatives are fatal, the result is bankruptcy." He added "We are not unaware that reforms were needed in different branches of administration; but from here to multiply the offices indefinitely. . . there is a very large distance." To solve the problem, he recommended "for the moment not to appoint more employees" and avoid copying the French bureaucratic system. All but one of the 20th and 21st century authors mentioned in this piece are or were members of the Mont Pelerin Society (MPS), the society founded by F.A. Hayek in 1947, which gathers many leading free-economy intellectuals. To my knowledge, the MPS has yet to have a session on Balmes. But a day might come that he will be rightly recognized even outside free-market circles.