User:Urthogie/Naming conventions/Urthogie's rewrite

Naming conventions is a list of guidelines on how to appropriately create and name pages.

It is important to note that these are conventions, not rules written in stone. As Wikipedia grows and changes, some conventions that once made sense may become outdated, and there may be cases where a particular convention is "obviously" inappropriate. But when in doubt, follow convention.

Generally, article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature.

Another way to summarize the overall principle of Wikipedia's naming conventions:
 * Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.

In addition to following the naming conventions it is also important to follow the linking conventions. Following consistent conventions in both naming and linking makes it more likely that links will lead to the right place. A redirect should be created for articles that may reasonably be found under two or more names (such as different spellings or former names). Conversely, a term that may be used to describe several different search terms may require a disambiguation page.

If you wish to propose a new naming convention, do so on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions, whilst also publicising the proposal at Requests for comment and the Village Pump, as well as at any related pages. Once a strong consensus has formed, it can be adopted as a naming convention and listed below.

Lowercase second and subsequent words
Do not capitalize second and subsequent words unless the title is a proper noun (such as a name) or is otherwise almost always capitalized (for example: John Wayne and Art Nouveau, but not Computer Game).

Due to technical limitations inherent to the MediaWiki software, the first letter in an article title always needs to be a capital letter. Ordinarily this isn't a problem, but it poses an issue when a proper noun's first letter is lowercase (for example, eBay). The first letter of an internal wikilink need not be capitalized and will direct the reader to the same page (for example, computer game or Computer game can be used interchangeably as needed).

Prefer singular nouns
In general only create page titles that are in the singular, unless that noun is always in a plural form in English (such as scissors or trousers).

Exceptions include Hermite polynomials, Arabic numerals, ... - see: Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions/archive5

Category names follow different pluralization conventions, see Naming conventions (categories).

Redirect adjectives to nouns
Adjectives (such as democratic) should redirect to nouns (in this case, democracy).

Use gerund of verbs
Use the gerund of verbs (the -ing form in English) unless there is a more common form for a certain verb.

Use English words
Name your pages in English and place the native transliteration on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the English form.

Use common names of persons and things
Use the most common name of a person or thing that does not conflict with the names of other people or things.

Be precise when necessary
Do not write or put an article on a page with an ambiguously named title as though that title had no other meanings. If all possible words have multiple meanings, go with the rule of thumb of naming guidelines and use the more popular term.

Prefer spelled-out phrases to acronyms
Avoid the use of acronyms in page naming unless the term you are naming is almost exclusively known only by its acronym and is widely known and used in that form (laser, radar, and scuba are good examples).

Avoid the definite article ("the") and the indefinite article ("a"/"an") at the beginning of the page name
If the definite or indefinite article would be capitalized in running text, then include it at the beginning of the page name. This would be the case for the title of a work such as a novel. Otherwise, do not include it at the beginning of the page name.

Examples: The Hague, The Old Man and the Sea but not: the Netherlands.

Use of "and"
Sometimes two or more closely-related or complementary concepts are most sensibly discussed on a common page rather than a page each. Where possible, use a name covering all cases: for example Endianness covers Big-endian and Little-endian, both of which redirect to it. Where an overarching name is not practicable, use each individual names in the article title, joined by "and". Examples: Acronym and initialism, Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9, Promotion and relegation. Each word should redirect (or be linked from a disambiguation page) to the combined name, e.g. Pioneer 8. If there is no obvious ordering, place the more commonly encountered word first where applicable; the reverse-ordered name should exist as a redirect (e.g. Initialism and acronym).

Do not use "and" to avoid controversial subjects. For example, the article would be Islamic extremist terrorism, rather than Islam and terrorism.

Do not use an article name that suggests a hierarchy of articles
Because Transportation in Azerbaijan could just as well be considered a subdivision of Transport as of Azerbaijan, do not use a name like Azerbaijan/Transportation (the old Wikipedia software created a subpage when the article name contained a forward slash; this feature is discontinued for articles, but you may use it on user and talk pages).

Be careful with some special characters
Some special characters either cannot be used or may cause problems. For example you should not use a piping character (|), curly braces ({}), or square braces ([]) in a name.

Titles must not begin with an interlanguage link code followed by a colon. For example a page with the title FR:example will produce a "bad title" error. The same also applies to interwiki links.

For foreign names with accent marks, see Naming conventions (use English).

Avoid non alpha-numeric characters used only for emphasis
To maintain the functionality of Alphabetical Indexing and avoid needless redirect pages, page names should not begin with non alpha-numeric (A-Z,0-9) characters used solely for emphasis. Also keep in mind that Wikipedia is not a collection of standalone quotations, (see Wikiquote). If a quotation is worthy of an article do not use quotation marks to start the page name, just use the quotation.

Non alpha-numeric characters may still be appropriate if a common term for the article is generally expressed as a non alpha-numeric phrase. In these cases the character(s) are not being used solely for emphasis. Although a redirect page may be helpful in those cases.


 * Examples of improper article names: ****Encylopedia****, !List of Things I like , "Catching Fish".


 * Example of proper non alpha-numeric naming: *69


 * Examples of proper article names about quotations: To be, or not to be, Cogito ergo sum

Lists
Convention: Put a list of Xs as list of Xs, rather than Xs, famous Xs, listing of important Xs, list of noted Xs, list of all Xs, etc. Consider making a category instead of a list.

Stub templates and categories
In general, stub templates use nouns in lower case letters except where proper names are involved. Abbreviations are allowed but only when completely unambiguous (or one of a small set of commonly used abbreviations such as geo, bio, hist for geography, biography and history), and are otherwise discouraged. Hyphens, rather than spaces, are used, though words may be run together if they form part of a compound noun. Thus, for example, France-bio-stub for French people, but FrenchPolynesia-geo-stub for the geography of French Polynesia.

Stub categories are also only capitalised for proper nouns, and use noun forms. Thus there is a, rather than or.

Current exceptions to these rules are in the process of being converted to conform with these conventions.

Animals, plants, and other organisms
The capitalization on the common names of species has been hotly debated in the past and remains unresolved. As a matter of truce both capitalized and non-capitalized (except for proper names) are acceptable, but a redirect should be created from the alternative form. Scientific names are always written in italics. The first name (genus) is capitalized, the second (species) is not. Examples: Homo sapiens, Tyrannosaurus rex, Velociraptor.

Books
Use the title of the work as the article's title, following all applicable general conventions. To disambiguate, add the type of literary work in parentheses, such as "(novel)", "(novella)", "(short story)", etc. You may use "(book)" to disambiguate a non-fiction book. If further disambiguation is needed, add the author's surname in parentheses: "(Orwell novel)", "(Asimov short story)", etc.

Broadcasting
Radio and television stations in countries where call signs are customarily used, such as North America, should always be titled with the official call sign as assigned by that country's regulatory authority. In places where call signs are not normally assigned to broadcast stations, the article title should be the officially registered name of the station, or else the name by which the station most commonly identifies itself (for instance, Voice of Russia or Radio Sawa). Many countries have stations or networks with similar names (e.g., "Radio One" in much of the English-speaking world). Those article titles should instead be chosen to reduce the possibility for confusion and title duplication as much as possible. In places with a mix of call signs and station names, such as most of Central and South America, the station name should normally be used, except when the call sign is well-known.

North America
The official call sign can be determined by checking with the FCC's Common Database System (fcc.gov), Industry Canada's Spectrum Direct (sd.ic.gc.ca), or COFETEL (cofetel.gob.mx). Be aware that many periodicals and even stations themselves do not always use correct call signs. Also be aware that not all call signs are four letters; in Mexico they often have five or six, and in all three countries they may have as few as three.

If the official call sign has a suffix (-CA, -FM, -LP, and -TV are the only suffixes currently in use), a redirect or disambiguation should be added for the call sign without the suffix. For stations which do not have a suffix, if disambiguation is necessary (because the official call sign conflicts with an airport code or acronym), place the type of service in parentheses; for example, "KSFO (AM)" or "KDFW (TV)". Note: all full-power Canadian FM and TV stations have a suffix; most U.S. and many Mexican stations do not. See North American call sign for more information on assignment practices.

Alternate brand names such as "Fox 25", "The Edge", "Q107" or "Jack FM" are very rarely unique, and "Jack FM Toronto" or "Q107 Memphis" are not appropriate article titles. A brand name may, however, be created as a redirect or a disambiguation page where appropriate.

Where a single broadcast outlet operates several transmitters with different call signs, create the article at the call sign which is considered the primary station, and make the other call signs redirects to that call sign. Where a station has changed call signs, please put the station's entire history in its current call sign, as the old call signs may subsequently be reassigned to new stations.

Elections
Use this form: political division, date. For example, Canadian federal election, 1867. For future elections of uncertain date one can use the 30th Irish general election format.

Film titles
Films often share the same name as other films, books or terms. When {[wikipedia:disambiguation|disambiguating]] a film from something else use "(film)" in the title when only one film had that name and (YEAR film) in the title when there are two or more films by that name (example: Titanic (1997 film)).

Isotopes/Nuclides
Isotopes should begin with the capitalized element name, folowed by a hyphen (not &amp;mdash;) and then the mass number. For example, Helium-10, or Uranium-235.

Languages, both spoken and programming
Languages which share their names with some other thing should be suffixed with "language" in the case of spoken languages, or "programming language" in the case of programming languages. If the language's name is unique, there is no need for any suffix. For example, Python programming language and English language, but VBScript and Esperanto.

Language families and groups of languages are pluralized. Thus, Niger-Congo languages rather than 'Niger-Congo language', and Sino-Tibetan languages rather than 'Sino-Tibetan language'.

Legislation in the United Kingdom
Acts should be titled with the short name form and then the year, without any comma between them (i.e., Foo Bar Act 1234 ). There should be a redirect from Foo Bar Act if the Act is uniquely named.

If several Acts have the same short name, Foo Bar Act should either redirect to the most commonly-used Act of the series if one does (e.g., the Data Protection Acts), or if not either serve as a disambiguation page (e.g., Representation of the People Acts) or redirect to Foo Bar Acts (plural) which would serve as an article about the series of Acts.

If two Acts are passed with the same name and year in two parliaments as different enactments of the same piece of legislation, have just one article (e.g. the Act of Union 1707); if the two Acts are different pieces of legislation, use paranethetical disambiguation based on jurisdiction or entity (e.g., the European Communities Act 1972 in the UK and Republic of Ireland being at European Communities Act 1972 (UK) and European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland) ).

Pieces of music
Name the article in its most common form, adding the composer's surname in parentheses after it if more than one piece has that title. For example, War Requiem, Violin Concerto (Berg), Symphony No. 6 (Mahler).

Album titles and band names
In titles of songs or albums, unless it is unique, the standard rule in the English language is to capitalize words that are the first word in the title and those that are not conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for), prepositions (to, over, through) or articles (an, a, the). When necessary, disambiguation should be done using (band), (album), or (song) (such as Anthrax (band) or Insomniac (album)); use further disambiguation only when needed (for example X (U.S. band), X (Australian band)). Unless multiple albums of the same name exist (such as Down to Earth), they do not need to be disambiguated any further. For example, Down to Earth (Ozzy Osbourne album) is fine, but Insomniac (Green Day album) is unnecessary. Disambiguate albums by artist and not by year unless multiple self-titled albums are released. When a track is not strictly a song (in other words a composition without lyrics, or an instrumental that is not a cover of a song), disambiguation should be done using (composition) or (instrumental).

Numbers and dates
Articles about numbers and related meanings are at N (number), for example 142 (number), not One hundred forty-two nor One hundred and forty-two nor Number 142. 142 itself is for the year (AD).

In general the use of number-only page names should only be used for Year in Review entries. So name the article Form 1040, not 1040 (the year Macbeth became King of Scotland), and Intel 80386, not 386 (the year the Northern Wei Dynasty began to rule China).

Also covered in that guideline:
 * page names for articles on dates, on time periods, on numbers;
 * the use of Arabic numerals as well as Roman numerals in page names;
 * page names for articles on various topics containing a number and/or time indicator in the title.

Organizations (such as political parties)
For articles on organizations (like political parties) the general rule applies. That means: Name your pages with the English translation and place the original native name on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the English form. Examples of the last are names of organizations in India, Ireland, Israel, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Quebec, Sri Lanka (English is or was an official language in most of these countries, which led to the general use of the native name) as well as some in Spain (Batasuna), Indonesia (Golkar), Iran (Mujahedden al-Khalq), Russia (Yabloko and Rodina), Republic of China (Taiwan) (Kuo Min Tang) and Cambodia (Khmer Rouge).

People
Names in the format     are usually the least problematic as page name for an article on a single person.

The guideline concentrates on these cases where this format is not the most obvious, for example, how to deal with middle names, with Iberian naming customs, with disambiguation (when several people share the same name), etc...

The people NC guideline has absorbed some content previously in Naming conventions (common names) (e.g. abbreviations in names of people), or separate topics on this page, that were not mentioned in specific guidelines until now (e.g. Spanish family names).

City names
In general, there are no special naming conventions for cities, unless multiple cities with the same name exist.

Country-specific topics
In general, country-specific articles and categories should be named using the form: "(item) of (country)".

Russian names
Many Russian names have a conventional English spelling. For others, use Wikipedia's modified BGN/PCGN transliteration, documented at Transliteration of Russian into English.

School names
School article titles should use the full official name of the school as provided by the school itself (apart from conventionally not starting with a definite article).

Schools also can share the same name. When disambiguating a school because an article already exists, the most general locale of the school should be used in parentheses to all articles, and a disambiguation page should be created.

Ship names
Articles about ships that have standard prefixes should include them in the article title; for example, HMS Ark Royal, USS Enterprise. Note that although in text the name but not the prefix is italicized, this is not indicated in the article name, so pipe links are used, for example for the above HMS Ark Royal, USS Enterprise. Articles about ships that do not have standard prefixes should be titled as (Nationality) (type) (Name); for example, Soviet aircraft carrier Kuznetsov ( Soviet aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.

Slovenian vs Slovene

 * Articles with Slovene in the title should be redirected to main articles using Slovenian. (Exception: Articles about organizations that use Slovene). For the sake of consistency, "Slovenian" in the title demands the same term be used throughout that article. "Slovene" in the title demands the opposite. (Exception: specific material that reasonably requires inconsistent usage.)
 * Naming conventions are not applicable to articles that use "Slovene" or "Slovenian" in the body text only. For these articles, either term is allowable, as long as its usage is consistent. For the sake of consistency, it is preferred that subsequent editors respect the terminology used by the originator of the article.
 * Changes to subsequent material can be made to establish consistency with the originator, but please add a pointer to these guidelines on the talk page of the article to help prevent edit wars. Edits made solely to change one term to the other, overturning the usage of the original contributor and in opposition to reasons given above are discouraged, particularly if continued.

Ukrainian names

 * Most personal names have a conventional English spelling, rendered phonetically. This is usually very close to transcription by the BGN/PCGN system, which is quite intuitive for English speakers to pronounce.  Some Ukrainian names have conventional spellings that come from other languages, like Polish, transcription from Russian, transcription into German, etc.
 * For geographic names in Ukraine, the Ukrainian National system is used. For historic reasons, many names are also presented in Russian, Polish, etc.
 * Linguistics topics often use "scholarly", or "scientific transliteration" within the text.

Others...

 * Naming conventions (aircraft)
 * Naming conventions (chemistry)
 * Naming conventions (Chinese)
 * Naming conventions (comics)
 * Naming conventions (government departments and ministers)
 * Naming conventions (hockey)
 * Naming conventions (identity)
 * Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)
 * Manual of Style (Japan-related articles)
 * Naming conventions (Korean)
 * Naming conventions (manuscript names)
 * Naming conventions (Mormonism)
 * Naming_conventions_(names_and_titles)
 * Naming conventions (ancient Romans)
 * Naming conventions (Western clergy)
 * Naming conventions (places)

Conventions under consideration
Manual of Style (dates and numbers), and WikiProject Numismatics/Style
 * Naming conventions (airports)
 * Naming conventions (Arabic)
 * Naming conventions (companies)
 * Naming conventions (computer and video games)
 * ,
 * Naming policy (Czech)
 * Naming conventions (standard letters with diacritics)
 * Naming conventions/Ethno-cultural labels in biographies
 * Naming conventions/Geographic names
 * Naming conventions (Hebrew)
 * Naming conventions (people of India and Sri Lanka)
 * Naming conventions (military units)
 * Naming conventions (thorn)
 * Naming conventions (Ohio school districts)
 * Naming conventions (Polish rulers)
 * WikiProject Highways/U.S. state highway naming conventions and Naming conventions/Numbered highways
 * WikiProject Sexology and Sexuality.
 * Naming conventions (subnational entities)
 * Naming conventions (television)

Conventions currently archived
These conventions have so far failed to find consensus, however, please feel free to revive discussion on a particular subject, either by using the Talk page or start a discussion at the Village pump.


 * Naming conventions (provinces)