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Sea-level rise
Sea-level rise refers to the long-term increase in the average height of the Earth's ocean surface. One obvious effect of global warming is rising sea levels. Global warming is causing sea-levels to rise through thermal expansion, melting of glaciers and ice caps. melting of polar ice sheets, (Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet). Melt-water from these melting processes can release huge volumes of water into the oceans, causing the sea-level rise.

Future sea-level rise
As global temperatures continue to rise, additional sea-level rise is inevitable. Future GHG emission rates will largely determine how much our seas will rise in the future. On a pathway with the lowest possible GHG emissions, global mean sea level would rise at least 1 foot by 2100 and on a pathway with very high rates of emissions, which can trigger the collapse of the ice sheets, sea level could be as much as 6.6 feet by 2100.

Effects of sea-level rise
In addition to the risks associated with rising sea-levels, such as coastal floods, habitat loss or degradation, coastal erosion, and shoreline alterations, rising sea levels can cause saltwater intrusion.

Saltwater intrusion
Salt-water intrusion refers to the landward movement of saltwater from the ocean or the infiltration of saltwater from the ocean into groundwater aquifers.

Effects of saltwater intrusion
As a result of this salt-water intrusion, areas that were previously unaffected by saltwater are becoming more and more vulnerable to saltwater due to sea level rise. These saltwater incursions have led to novel transitions in the chemistry of soils and groundwater. by increasing their salinity levels (coastal soil salinity and groundwater salinity). Salinity is a soil or water condition characterized by a high soluble salt concentration. The key effects of soil salinity and groundwater salinity (when used for agricultural irrigation) include; reduced water uptake, poor uptake of nutrients, physiological stress, and reduced microbial activities. The combined effects of reduced water, nutrient impairment, physiological stress can significantly reduce crop yields in salt-affected soils (saline soils).

Case study (The Bangladesh saltwater intrusion)
Bangladesh is a country that is highly vulnerable to soil salinization due to its geographical location. The country is low-lying and highly susceptible to the combined effects of storm surges and sea level rise. The combination of these storm surges and sea level rise have triggered saltwater intrusions into newer areas (previously devoid of salinity), bringing with them salinization through saltwater intrusions. Soil samples collected and analyzed for salinity levels in three vulnerable coastal areas of Bangladesh (Buri Goalini, Munshiganj and Gabura Unions) showed that the three sampling regions had excessive salinity conditions, with over 95% of the samples having an ECe dS/m value greater than 8 dS/m in each area, compared to the recommended salt levels of 2 dS/m.

Mitigation
Addressing the effects of saltwater intrusion induced by sea-level rise requires a combination of adaptation strategies, such as coastal defense measures, underground salt barriers, and groundwater management along with mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit further climate change.

Conclusion
As sea levels rise due to climate change, coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable to the intrusion of saltwater. This Intruding saltwater poses a serious threat to coastal agricultural soils and groundwater resources by increasing their salinity levels and thus affecting coastal agricultural productivity. Combining adaptation techniques, such as groundwater management and coastal defense measures along with mitigation efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to address the effects of saltwater intrusion brought on by sea level rise.