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Prairie madness is a term used to describe an affliction that affected settlers in the Great Plains during the migration to and settlement of the Western United States in the 19th century. Another term used to describe this illness is prairie fever. Settlers moving from urbanized or relatively settled areas in the East faced the risk of mental breakdown caused by the harsh living conditions and the extreme levels of isolation on the prairie. Symptoms of prairie madness included depression, withdrawal, changes in character and habit, and violence. Prairie madness sometimes resulted in the afflicted person moving back East or, in extreme cases, suicide. Prairie madness is not a clinical term; rather it is a pervasive subject in writings of fiction and non-fiction from the period to describe a fairly common phenomenon. It was described by E.V. Smalley in 1893: “…an alarming amount of insanity occurs in the new Prairie States among farmers and their wives”.

Causes and Risk Factors
Prairie madness was caused by the isolation and tough living conditions on the Prairie. The level of isolation depended on the topography and geography of the region. Most examples of prairie madness come from the Great Plains region. One explanation for these high levels of isolation was the Homestead Act of 1862. This act stipulated that a person would be given a tract of 160 acres if they were able to live on it and make something out of it in a five-year period. The farms of the Homestead Act were at least half a mile apart, but usually much more. There was little settlement and community on the Plains and settlers had to be almost completely self-sufficient.

The lack of quick and easily available transportation was also a cause of prairie madness; settlers were far apart from one another and they could not see their neighbors or get to town easily. Those who had family back on the East coast could not visit their families without embarking on a long journey. Settlers were very alone. This isolation also caused problems with medical care; it took such a long time to get to the farms that when children fell sick they frequently died. This caused a lot of trauma for the parents, and contributed to prairie madness.

Another major cause of prairie madness was the harsh weather and environment of the Plains, including long, cold winters filled with blizzards followed by short, hot summers. Once winter came, it seemed that all signs of life such as plants, and animals had disappeared. Farmers would be stuck in their houses under feet of snow when the blizzards struck, and the family would be cramped inside for days at a time. There were few trees, and the flat land stretched out for miles and miles. Some settlers specifically spoke of the wind that rushed through the prairie, which was loud and forceful, and alien compared to from what settlers had experienced in their former lives.

Many stayed very attached to their way of life back East, and their attempts to make their new homes in the West adhere to the old ways, sometimes triggered prairie madness. Others tried to adapt to the entirely new way of life, and abandoned the old ways, but still fell victim to madness. Some coping mechanisms to escape the emotional trauma of moving to the prairie was to continually move around to new locations, or to move back East.

Immigrants were particularly at risk for prairie madness. Immigrant families not only had to suffer from isolation, but the settlers who lived in their area often had different languages and customs. As such, this was an even further separation from society. Immigrant families were also hard-hit by prairie madness because came from communities in Europe that were very closely-knit small villages and life on the prairie was a terrible shock for them.

There is a debate between scholars as to whether the condition affected women more than men, although there is documentation of both cases in both fiction and non-fiction from the 19th century. Women and men each had different manifestations of the disease, women turning towards social withdrawal and men to violence.

Symptoms
Since prairie madness does not refer to a clinical term, there is no specific set of symptoms of the affliction. However, the descriptions of prairie madness in historical writing, personal accounts, and Western literature elucidate what some of the effects of the disease were.

The symptoms of prairie madness were similar to those of depression. The women affected by prairie madness were said to show symptoms like crying, slovenly dress, and withdrawal from social interactions. Men also showed signs of depression, which sometimes manifested in violence. Prairie madness was not unique from other types of depression, but the harsh conditions on the prairie triggered this depression, and it was difficult to overcome without getting off of the prairie.

In extreme cases, the depression would lead to mental breakdown. This could lead to suicide. There are theories that the suicides caused by prairie madness were typically committed by women, and performed in an exhibitionist fashion. Prairie madness did not typically lead to suicide, and this is depicted more in fictional stories than it is seen in the historical record.

As seen in literature
Prairie madness is used in literature of the period as a dramatic device, or to move the plot along. The madness is depicted in many different novels, some of the most notable include Willa Cather’s O Pioneers!, Amelia Meuller’s There Have to be Six, and Sonora Babb’s An Owl on Every Post, and O. E. Rolvaag’s Giants in the Earth.

Each of these novels contains characters that are affected by prairie madness. Rolvaag's 1927 Giants in the Earth chronicles the story of Norwegian immigrants settling in the Dakotas in the 1870's. One of the characters, Beret, is a young girl who has a typical case of prairie madness. She feels guilty for leaving her parents in Norway, and is frightened by life on the Plains. She believes that she has sinned by leaving her home to start this new life and that God is using the Plains to punish her. Beret becomes depressed and withdraws from social life. Her husband Per Hansa specifically mentions the terrible effect the weather of the Plains, especially blizzards, had on Beret's mental health. ,ref name="Underwood"/>

Cather’s 1913 work, O Pioneers!, tells a story of the effect of prairie madness on men, in this case a Swedish immigrant family living on the Plains. The book describes the life of Frank Shabata, a settler. Shabata’s downfall begins when he moves from his city life onto a farm, and he is frustrated by the life he is forced to live. Over time, he starts to get angered by minor issues, and gets to the point where everyone is frightened by his instability. Shabata’s illness culminates when he murders his wife and her lover, and has a complete breakdown.

As seen in non-fiction
The prairie madness of non-fiction, seen in diaries and historical accounts, is not the same as is depicted in fiction. Rather than a long brewing madness it is a short, fleeting depression. It is more prevalent and more complex in non-fiction, though rarely fatal. Examples of prairie madness in non-fiction include Adela Orpen’s account Memories of the Old Emigrant Days in Kansas, 1862-1865, and Mollie: The Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford in Nebraska and Colorado Territories. Descriptions of prairie madness in accounts by historians are found in Daniel J. Boorstin's The Americans: The Democratic Experience and Walter Prescott Webb’s The Great Plains.

The decline of prairie madness
Prairie madness virtually disappears from the historical and literary record during the 20th century. This was likely the result of new modes of communication and transportation that arose during the late 19th and early 20th century. These included the increase in railroad lines, the invention and increasing usage of the automobile, and further settlement leading to the "closing of the frontier", as described by renowned American Western historian Frederick Jackson Turner.

Prairie madness in popular culture
Despite the ambiguity of the history of prairie madness, it has appeared in popular culture recently, with the 2008 movie Prairie Fever, directed by Steven Bridgewater and David S. Cass Sr. This film depicts three mail-order-brides as victims of prairie fever, being transported to an asylum.