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Florence Lawrence (January 2, 1886 – December 28, 1938) was a Canadian-American stage performer and film actress. She is often referred to as "The First Movie Star," and was the first film actor to be named publicly. At the height of her fame in the 1910s, she was known as "The Biograph Girl" for work as one of the leading ladies in silent films from the Biograph Company. She appeared in almost 300 films for various motion picture companies throughout her career.

Early life
Born Florence Annie Bridgwood in Hamilton, Ontario, she was youngest of three children of George Bridgwood, an English-born carriage builder and Charlotte "Lotta" Bridgwood (née Dunn), a vaudeville actress. Charlotte Bridgwood had emigrated to Canada from Ireland after the Great Famine with her family as a child. She was known professionally as Lotta Lawrence and was the leading lady and director of the Lawrence Dramatic Company. At the age of three, Lawrence made her debut onstage with her mother in a song and dance routine. When she was old enough to memorize lines of dialogue, she performed with her mother and other members of the Lawrence Dramatic Company in dramatic plays. After performing tear jerking dramas like Dora Thorne and East Lynne began to depress Lawrence, her mother dropped them from the company's repertoire. While Lawrence performed on stage at the behest of her mother, she recalled that she enjoyed the work but did not like the traveling that all vaudeville performers were required to do. By the age of six, Lawrence had earned the nickname "Baby Flo, the Child Wonder".

On February 18, 1898, George Bridgwood died from accidental coal gas poisoning at his home in Hamilton (Lawrence's parents had been separated since she was four years old). Lotta Lawrence moved the family from Hamilton to Buffalo, New York to live with her mother, Ann Dunn. She chose to stop bringing her children along for stage performances and for the first time, Florence was enrolled in school. After graduating, Lawrence rejoined her mother's dramatic company. However, her mother disbanded the Lawrence Dramatic Company shortly thereafter; the two moved to New York City around 1906.

Early career: Film and Broadway
She was one of several Canadian pioneers in the film industry who were attracted by the rapid growth of the fledgling motion picture business. In 1906, she appeared in her first motion picture. The next year, she appeared in 38 movies for the Vitagraph film company. During the spring and summer of 1906, Lawrence auditioned for a number of Broadway productions, with no success. However, on December 27, 1906, she was hired by the Edison Manufacturing Company to play Daniel Boone's daughter in Daniel Boone; or, Pioneer days in America. She got the part because she knew how to ride a horse. Both she and her mother received parts, and were paid five dollars a day for two weeks of outdoor filming in freezing weather.

In 1907 she went to work for the Vitagraph Company in Brooklyn, New York acting as Moya, an Irish peasant girl in a one-reel version of Dion Boucicault's The Shaughraun. She returned briefly to stage acting, playing the leading role in a road show production of Melville B. Raymond's Seminary Girls. Her mother played her last role in this production. After touring with the road show for a year, Lawrence resolved that she would "never again lead that gypsy life". In 1908 she returned to Vitagraph where she played the lead role in The Dispatch Beare. Largely as a result of her equestrian skills, she received parts in eleven films in the next five months.

Biograph Studios
Also at Vitagraph was a young actor, Harry Solter, who was looking for "a young, beautiful equestrian girl" to star in a film to be produced by the Biograph Studios under the direction of D.W. Griffith. Griffith, the most prominent producer-director at Biograph Studios, had noticed the beautiful blonde-haired woman in one of Vitagraph's films. Because the film's actors received no mention, Griffith had to make discreet inquiries to learn she was Florence Lawrence and to arrange a meeting. Griffith had intended to give the part to Biograph's leading lady, Florence Turner, but Lawrence managed to convince Solter and Griffith that she was the best suited for the starring role in The Girl and the Outlaw. With the Vitagraph Company, she had been earning $20 a week, working also as a costume seamstress over and above acting. Griffith offered her a job, acting only, for $25 a week.

After her success in this role, she appeared as a society belle in Betrayed by a Handprint and as an Indian in The Red Girl. In total, she had parts in most of the 60 films directed by Griffith in 1908. Toward the end of 1908 Lawrence married Harry Solter. Lawrence gained much popularity, but because her name was never publicized, fans began writing the studio asking for it. Even after she had gained wide recognition, particularly after starring in the highly successful Resurrection, Biograph Studios refused to publicly announce her name and fans simply called her "The Biograph Girl". During cinema's formative years, silent screen actors were not named, because studio owners feared that fame might lead to demands for higher wages. She continued to work for Biograph in 1909. Her demand to be paid by the week rather than daily was met, and she received double the normal rate.

She achieved great popularity in the "Jones" series, filmdom's first comedy series, in which she played Mrs. Jones in around a dozen films. More popular still were the dramatic love stories in which she co-starred with John R. Cumpson, as Mr. Jones, and Arthur Johnson. The two played husband and wife in The Ingrate, and the adulterous lovers in Resurrection. Lawrence and Solter began to look elsewhere for work, writing to the Essanay Company to offer their services as leading lady and director. Rather than accepting this offer, however, Essanay reported the offer to Biograph's head office, and they were promptly fired.

Independent Moving Pictures Company
Finding themselves "at liberty," Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP). The company, founded by Carl Laemmle, the owner of a film exchange (who later absorbed IMP into Universal Pictures, which he also founded and also the president), was looking for experienced filmmakers and actors. Needing a star, he lured Lawrence away from Biograph by promising to give her a marquee. First, Laemmle organized a publicity stunt by starting a rumor that Lawrence had been killed by a street car in New York City. Then, after gaining much media attention, he placed ads in the newspapers that announced, "We nail a lie", and included a photo of Lawrence. The ad declared she is alive and well and making The Broken Oath, a new movie for his IMP Film Company to be directed by Solter.

Laemmle had Lawrence make a personal appearance in St. Louis, Missouri in March 1910 with her leading man to show her fans that she was very much alive, making her one of the first performers not already famous in another medium to be identified by name by her studio.

Laemmle generated attention by falsely claiming that Lawrence's St. Louis fans were so excited to learn that she had not died that they rushed her in a frenzy and tore her clothes off. Partially due to Laemmle's ingenuity, the "star system" was born and before long, Florence Lawrence became a household name. However, her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct. Laemmle managed to lure William V. Ranous, one of Vitagraph's best directors, over to IMP. Ranous introduced Laemmle to Lawrence and Solter, and they began to work together. Lawrence and Solter worked for IMP for eleven months, making fifty films. After this, they went on vacation in Europe.

When they returned to the United States, they joined a film company headed by Siegmund Lubin, described as the "wisest and most democratic film producer in history". She once again teamed with Arthur Johnson, and the pair made 48 films together under Lubin's direction. At the time, the film industry was controlled by the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a trust formed by the major film companies. IMP was not a member of the MPPC, and hence operated outside its distribution system. Theaters found showing IMP films lost the right to screen MPPC films. IMP, therefore, had powerful enemies in the film industry. It managed to survive largely due to Lawrence's popularity.

Lubin Studios
By late 1910, Lawrence left IMP to work for Lubin Studios, advising her fellow young Canadian, the 18-year-old Mary Pickford, to take her place as IMP's star.

Victor Film Company
In 1912, Lawrence and Solter made a deal with Carl Laemmle, forming their own company. Laemmle gave them complete artistic freedom in the company, called Victor Film Company, and paid Lawrence five hundred dollars a week as the leading lady, and Solter two hundred dollars a week as director. They established a film studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey and made a number of films starring Lawrence and Owen Moore before selling out to the new Universal Pictures in 1913. With this new prosperity, Florence was able to realize a 'lifelong dream,' buying a 50 acre estate in River Vale, New Jersey. In August 1912, she had a fight with her husband, in which he "made cruel remarks about his mother-in-law". He left and went to Europe. However, he wrote "sad" letters to her every day, telling her of his plans to commit suicide. His letters "softened her feelings" and they were re-united in November 1912. Lawrence announced her intention to retire.

She was persuaded to return to work in 1914 for her company (Victor Film Company), which had been acquired by Universal Studios. During the filming of Pawns of Destiny in 1915, a staged fire got out of control. Lawrence was burned, her hair was singed, and she suffered a serious fall which fractured her spine. She went into shock for months. She returned to work, but collapsed after the film was completed. Blaming Solter for making her do the stunt in which she was injured, the two divorced. To add to her problems, Universal refused to pay her medical expenses, leaving Lawrence feeling betrayed. In mid-1916, she returned to work for Universal and completed another feature film, Elusive Isabel. However, the strain of working took its toll on her and she suffered a serious relapse. She was completely paralyzed for four months. In 1921, she traveled to Hollywood to attempt a comeback, but had little success. She received a leading role in a minor melodrama (The Unfoldment), and then two supporting roles. All her film work after 1924 would be in uncredited bit parts.

Personal life
Lawrence was married three times and had no children. Her first marriage was to actor, screenwriter and director Harry Solter in 1908. They remained married until Solter's death in 1920. She married automobile salesman Charles Byrne Woodring in 1921. They separated in 1929 and Lawrence was granted an interlocutory divorce in February 1931 which was finalized the following year. During the 1920s, Lawrence and Woodring opened a cosmetics store in Los Angeles called Hollywood Cosmetics. The store sold theatrical makeup and also sold a line of cosmetics that Lawrence developed. They continued their partnership after their separation in 1929 but the store was forced to close in 1931.

In 1933, Lawrence wed for the third and final time, to Henry Bolton, who turned out to be an abusive alcoholic and beat Lawrence severely. The union lasted five months.

Besides her film career Lawrence is credited with designing the first "auto signaling arm", a predecessor to the modern turn signal, along with the first mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and as a result she received no credit for–nor profit from–either one.

Later years
By the late 1920s, Lawrence's popularity had declined and she suffered several personal losses. She was devastated when her mother, to whom she was close, died suddenly in August 1929. Four months later, she separated from her second husband, Charles Woodring. While Lawrence earned a small fortune during her film career, she made many poor business decisions. She lost much of her fortune after the stock market crash in October 1929 and ensuing Great Depression. The cosmetics store that she and her second husband opened in Los Angeles also lost business because of the Depression, and the couple were forced to close its doors in 1931.

By the early 1930s, Lawrence's acting career consisted solely of extra and bit parts which were often uncredited. In 1936, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer began giving extra and bit parts to former silent film actors for $75 a week. Lawrence, along other "old timers" from the silent era whose careers had all but ended when talkies replaced silent films, signed with M-G-M. Lawrence remained with the studio until her death.

In mid-1937, Lawrence was diagnosed with what her doctor described as "a bone disease which produces anemia and depression." The disease was likely myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow disease, or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, both of which were incurable at the time. Due to her poor health and chronic pain, Lawrence became depressed but attempted to keep working. Around this time, she moved into a home on Westbourne Drive in West Hollywood with a studio worker named Robert "Bob" Brinlow and his sister.

Death
On the morning of December 28, 1938, Lawrence phoned the offices of M-G-M where she was to report to work that afternoon claiming that she was ill. Some time in the afternoon, Lawrence ingested cough syrup and ant paste at her home in West Hollywood. Accounts differ as to how Lawrence was discovered; some media reports say her neighbor, Marian Menzer, heard her screams while others say that Lawrence called Menzer herself stating that she poisoned herself. Menzer called an ambulance, and Lawrence was rushed to Beverly Hills Emergency Hospital. Doctors were unable to save Lawrence, who died at 2:45 p.m. Lawrence left a suicide note in her home addressed to her housemate Bob Brinlow stating: Dear Bob,


 * Call Dr. Wilson. I am tired. Hope this works. Good bye, my darling. They can't cure me, so let it go at that.
 * Lovingly, Florence - P.S. You've all been swell guys. Everything is yours.

Lawrence's death was ruled a "probable suicide" owing to her "ill health." The Motion Picture & Television Fund paid for Lawrence's funeral, which was held on December 30, and for her unmarked grave in the Hollywood Cemetery, (now Hollywood Forever Cemetery), in Hollywood. Her grave remained unmarked until 1991, when a British actor who chose to remain anonymous paid for a memorial marker for Lawrence, which reads: "The Biograph Girl/The First Movie Star". The date of birth on Lawrence's headstone is given as 1890. This inaccuracy was also stated on her death certificate filled out by the coroner. Lawrence's biographer, Kelly R. Brown, owed this mistake to "Lawrence's own brand of fiction" as she routinely subtracted years off her age. The mistake was repeated by the Pierce Brothers Mortuary, where Lawrence's funeral was held, although most obituaries printed her correct year of birth: 1886.

Cultural references

 * In William J. Mann's novel The Biograph Girl (2000), Mann blends the facts of Lawrence's life with fiction. Instead of fading into oblivion and committing suicide, a doctor helps Lawrence fool the public into thinking she committed suicide but instead lives at a nursing home. A journalist discovers Lawrence at the nursing home and decides to write a biography about her.

Short subject

 * The Automobile Thieves (1906)
 * Athletic American Girls (1907)
 * Bargain Fiend; or, Shopping à la Mode (1907)
 * Daniel Boone (1907)
 * The Boy, the Bust and the Bath (1907)
 * The Despatch Bearer; or, Through the Enemy's Lines (1907)
 * The Dispatch Bearer (1907)
 * The Mill Girl (1907)
 * The Shaughraun (1907)
 * A Calamitous Elopement (1908)
 * A Smoked Husband (1908)
 * A Woman's Way (1908)
 * After Many Years (1908)
 * An Awful Moment (1908)
 * Antony and Cleopatra (1908)
 * Behind the Scenes (1908)
 * Betrayed by a Handprint (1908)
 * Concealing a Burglar (1908)
 * Cupid's Realm; or, A Game of Hearts (1908)
 * Father Gets in the Game (1908)
 * Ingomar, the Barbarian (1908)
 * Julius Caesar (1908)
 * Lady Jane's Flight (1908)
 * Love Laughs at Locksmiths; an 18th Century Romance (1908)
 * Macbeth (1908)
 * Money Mad (1908)
 * Mr. Jones at the Ball (1908)
 * Mrs. Jones Entertains (1908)
 * Richard III (1908)
 * Romance of a Jewess (1908)
 * Romeo and Juliet (1908)
 * Salome (1908)
 * The Bandit's Waterloo (1908)
 * The Call of the Wild (1908)
 * The Christmas Burglars (1908)
 * The Clubman and the Tramp (1908)
 * The Dancer and the King: A Romantic Story of Spain (1908)
 * The Devil (1908)
 * The Feud and the Turkey (1908)
 * The Girl and the Outlaw (1908)
 * The Heart of O'Yama (1908)
 * The Helping Hand (1908)
 * The Ingrate (1908)
 * The Pirate's Gold (1908)
 * The Planter's Wife (1908)
 * The Reckoning (1908)
 * The Red Girl (1908)
 * The Reg Girl (1908)
 * The Song of the Shirt (1908)
 * The Stolen Jewels (1908)
 * The Taming of the Shrew (1908)
 * The Test of Friendship (1908)
 * The Valet's Wife (1908)
 * The Vaquero's Vow (1908)
 * The Viking's Daughter: The Story of the Ancient Norsemen (1908)
 * The Zulu's Heart (1908)
 * Where the Breakers Roar (1908)
 * A Baby's Shoe (1909)
 * A Drunkard's Reformation (1909)
 * A Fool's Revenge (1909)
 * A Sound Sleeper (1909)
 * A Troublesome Satchel (1909)
 * A Wreath in Time (1909)
 * And a Little Child Shall Lead Them (1909)
 * At the Altar (1909)
 * Confidence (1909)
 * Eloping with Auntie (1909)
 * Eradicating Auntie (1909)
 * Eradicating Aunty (1909)
 * Her First Biscuits (1909)
 * Her Generous Way (1909)
 * His Ward's Love (1909)
 * His Wife's Mother (1909)
 * I Did It (1909)
 * Jealousy and the Man (1909)
 * Jones and His New Neighbors (1909)
 * Jones and the Lady Book Agent (1909)
 * Lady Helen's Escapade (1909)
 * Lest We Forget (1909)
 * Lines of White on a Sullen Sea (1909)
 * Love's Stratagem (1909)
 * Lucky Jim (1909)
 * Mr. Jones' Burglar (1909)
 * Mr. Jones Has a Card Party (1909)
 * Mrs. Jones Entertains (1909)
 * Mrs. Jones' Lover (1909)
 * Nursing a Viper (1909)
 * One Busy Hour (1909)
 * One Touch of Nature (1909)
 * Resurrection (1909)
 * Saul and David (1909)
 * Schneider's Anti-Noise Crusade (1909)
 * Sweet and Twenty (1909)
 * Tender Hearts (1909)
 * The Awakening (1909)
 * The Awakening of Bess (1909)
 * The Brahma Diamond (1909)
 * The Cardinal's Conspiracy (1909)
 * The Cord of Life (1909)
 * The Country Doctor (1909)
 * The Criminal Hypnotist (1909)
 * The Curtain Pole (1909)
 * The Deception (1909)
 * The Drive for a Life (1909)
 * The Drive for Life (1909)
 * The Eavesdropper (1909)
 * The Fascinating Mrs. Francis (1909)
 * The Forest Ranger's Daughter (1909)
 * The French Duel (1909)
 * The Girls and Daddy (1909)
 * The Golden Louis (1909)
 * The Hessian Renegades (1909)
 * The Honor of Thieves (1909)
 * The Jilt (1909)
 * The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals (1909)
 * The Judgment of Solomon (1909)
 * The Lonely Villa (1909)
 * The Lure of the Gown (1909)
 * The Medicine Bottle (1909)
 * The Mended Lute (1909)
 * The Necklace (1909)
 * The Note in the Shoe (1909)
 * The Peachbasket Hat (1909)
 * The Politician's Love Story (1909)
 * The Prussian Spy (1909)
 * The Road to the Heart (1909)
 * The Roue's Heart (1909)
 * The Sacrifice (1909)
 * The Salvation Army Lass (1909)
 * The Slave (1909)
 * The Way of Man (1909)
 * The Winning Coat (1909)
 * The Wooden Leg (1909)
 * Those Awful Hats (1909)
 * Those Boys! (1909)
 * Tis an Ill Wind that Blows No Good (1909)
 * Tragic Love (1909)
 * Trying to Get Arrested (1909)
 * Two Memories (1909)
 * What Drink Did (1909)
 * A Discontented Woman (1910)
 * A Game for Two (1910)
 * A Reno Romance (1910)
 * A Self-Made Hero (1910)
 * All the World's a Stage (1910)
 * Among the Roses (1910)
 * Bear Ye One Another's Burden (1910)
 * Debt (1910)
 * His Second Wife (1910)
 * His Sick Friend (1910)
 * Jane and the Stranger (1910)
 * Justice in the Far North (1910)
 * Mother Love (1910)
 * Never Again (1910)
 * Old Heads and Young Hearts (1910)
 * Once Upon a Time (1910)
 * Pressed Roses (1910)
 * The Angel of the Studio (1910)
 * The Blind Man's Tact (1910)
 * The Broken Oath (1910)
 * The Call (1910)
 * The Call of the Circus (1910)
 * The Coquette's Suitors (1910)
 * The Count of Montebello (1910)
 * The Doctor's Perfidy (1910)
 * The Eternal Triangle (1910)
 * The Forest Ranger's Daughter (1910)
 * The Governor's Pardon (1910)
 * The Irony of Fate (1910)
 * The Maelstrom (1910)
 * The Miser's Daughter (1910)
 * The Mistake (1910)
 * The New Minister (1910)
 * The New Shawl (1910)
 * The Nichols on Vacation (1910)
 * The Right Girl (1910)
 * The Right of Love (1910)
 * The Rosary (1910)
 * The Senator's Double (1910)
 * The Stage Note (1910)
 * The Taming of Jane (1910)
 * The Tide of Fortune (1910)
 * The Time-Lock Safe (1910)
 * The Widow (1910)
 * The Winning Punch (1910)
 * Transfusion (1910)
 * Two Men (1910)
 * A Blind Deception (1911)
 * A Fascinating Bachelor (1911)
 * A Game of Deception (1911)
 * A Girlish Impulse (1911)
 * A Good Turn (1911)
 * A Head for Business (1911)
 * A Rebellious Blossom (1911)
 * A Rural Conqueror (1911)
 * A Show Girl's Stratagem (1911)
 * Age Versus Youth (1911)
 * Always a Way (1911)
 * Art Versus Music (1911)
 * Aunt Jane's Legacy (1911)
 * Duke De Ribbon Counter (1911)
 * During Cherry Time (1911)
 * Flo's Discipline (1911)
 * Her Artistic Temperament (1911)
 * Her Child's Honor (1911)
 * Her Humble Ministry (1911)
 * Her Two Sons (1911)
 * Higgenses Versus Judsons (1911)
 * His Bogus Uncle (1911)
 * His Chorus Girl Wife (1911)
 * His Friend, the Burglar (1911)
 * Nan's Diplomacy (1911)
 * One on Reno (1911)
 * Opportunity and the Man (1911)
 * Romance of Pond Cove (1911)
 * That Awful Brother (1911)
 * The Actress and the Singer (1911)
 * The American Girl (1911)
 * The Gypsy (1911)
 * The Hoyden (1911)
 * The Life Saver (1911)
 * The Little Rebel (1911)
 * The Maniac (1911)
 * The Matchmaker (1911)
 * The Professor's Ward (1911)
 * The Secret (1911)
 * The Sheriff and the Man (1911)
 * The Slavey's Affinity (1911)
 * The Snare of Society (1911)
 * The State Line (1911)
 * The Story of Rosie's Rose (1911)
 * The Test (1911)
 * The Two Fathers (1911)
 * The Wife's Awakening (1911)
 * Through Jealous Eyes (1911)
 * Vanity and Its Cure (1911)
 * A Surgeon's Heroism (1912)
 * A Village Romance (1912)
 * After All (1912)
 * All for Love (1912)
 * Betty's Nightmare (1912)
 * Flo's Discipline (1912)
 * Her Cousin Fred (1912)
 * In Swift Waters (1912)
 * Not Like Other Girls (1912)
 * Sisters (1912)
 * Taking a Chance (1912)
 * Tangled Relations (1912)
 * The Advent of Jane (1912)
 * The Angel of the Studio (1912)
 * The Chance Shot (1912)
 * The Cross-Roads (1912)
 * The Lady Leone (1912)
 * The Mill Buyers (1912)
 * The Players (1912)
 * The Redemption of Riverton (1912)
 * The Winning Punch (1912)
 * A Girl and Her Money (1913)
 * His Wife's Child (1913)
 * Suffragette's Parade in Washington (1913)
 * The Closed Door (1913)
 * The Counterfeiter (1913)
 * The Girl o'the Woods (1913)
 * The Influence of Sympathy (1913)
 * The Spender (1913)
 * Unto the Third Generation (1913)
 * A Disenchantment (1914)
 * A Mysterious Mystery (1914)
 * A Singular Cynic (1914)
 * A Singular Sinner (1914)
 * Counterfeiters (1914)
 * Diplomatic Flo (1914)
 * Her Ragged Knight (1914)
 * The Bribe (1914)
 * The Coryphee (1914)
 * The Doctor's Testimony (1914)
 * The False Bride (1914)
 * The Great Universal Mystery (1914)
 * The Honeymooners (1914)
 * The Honor of the Humble (1914)
 * The Law's Decree (1914)
 * The Little Mail Carrier (1914)
 * The Mad Man's Ward (1914)
 * The Pawns of Destiny (1914)
 * The Romance of a Photograph (1914)
 * The Stepmother (1914)
 * The Woman Who Won (1914)
 * Elusive Isabel (1916)
 * Face on the Screen (1917)
 * The Love Craze (1918)

Features

 * The Unfoldment (1922)
 * Lucretia Lombard (1923)
 * The Satin Girl (1923)
 * Gambling Wives (1924)
 * The Greater Glory (1926)
 * The Johnstown Flood (1926)
 * Sweeping Against the Winds (1930)
 * Homicide Squad (1931)
 * The Hard Hombre (1931)
 * Pleasure (1931)
 * Sinners in the Sun (1932)
 * Secrets (1933)
 * The Old Fashioned Way (1934, unverified)
 * Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935, unverified)
 * Hollywood Boulevard (1936, scenes deleted)
 * One Rainy Afternoon (1936)