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Henry Thomas Buckle (24 November 1821 – 29 May 1862) was an English historian, the author of an unfinished History of Civilization, and a strong amateur chess player. He is sometimes called "the Father of Scientific History".

Early life and education
Buckle, the son of Thomas Henry Buckle (1779–1840), a wealthy London merchant and shipowner, and his wife, Jane Middleton (d. 1859) of Yorkshire was born at Lee in London (Kent County) on November 24, 1821. He had two sisters. His father died in January 1840.

Education As a boy, Buckle “delicate health” rendered him unsuited for the usual formal education or games of middle-class youth. However, he loved reading. This made him suitable to be “educated at home by his mother, to whom he was devoted until her death in 1859. She taught him to read the Bible, the Arabian Nights, Pilgrim's Progress, and Shakespeare. His father read theology and literature and occasionally recited Shakespeare to the family in the evenings.”

Buckle’s one year of formal education was in Gordon House School at age fourteen. When his father offered him a reward for winning a prize in mathematics, Buckle asked “to be taken away from school.” From then on he was self-taught. As such, Buckle said later, “I was never much tormented with what is called education, but allowed to pursue my own way undisturbed.... Whatever I may now be supposed to know I taught myself.”

At age nineteen, Buckle first gained distinction as a chess player. He was known as one of the best in the world. In matchplay he defeated Kieseritsky and Loewenthal.

Father’s death Buckle's father died in 1840. Buckle inherited £20,000. This be worth £1,613,000.00 in 2015. This inheritance allowed Buckle to live the rest of his life in reading, writing, and travel. .

Writing History of Civilization in England
In July 1840 Buckle, his mother, and his sister Mary spent almost a year in Europe, with “extended stays in Germany, Italy, and France. Buckle studied the language, literature, and history of each place they visited.” Buckle taught himself to read eighteen foreign languages. . By 1840, Buckle had decided “to direct all his reading and to devote all his energies to the preparation of some great historical work.” During the next seventeen years he worked ten hours a day toward that purpose. By 1851 Buckle had decided that his “great historical work” would be “a history of civilization.” During the next six years, he was engaged “in writing and rewriting, altering and revising the first volume.” It was titled the History of Civilization in England and was published in June 1857.

Private life Because he was uneasy about his health, Buckle “rose, worked, walked, dined, and retired with remarkable regularity”. His inheritance “enabled him to live comfortably”, but he spent money prudently with two exceptions: fine cigars and his collection of 22,000 books. Buckle and his mother enjoyed giving dinners for friends and dining out. Buckle was mostly deemed to be “a good conversationalist” because of his “deep knowledge of a wide range of subjects”. On the other hand, some thought him “tedious or egotistical” with a tendency “to dominate conversations”. He won the first British chess tournament in 1849. .

Death of his mother (1859)
On April 1, 1859, Buckle’s mother died. Shortly after, under the influence of this “crushing and desolating affliction”, he added an argument for immortality to a review he was writing of J. S. Mill's Essay on Liberty. Buckle’s argument was not based on theologians “with their books, their dogmas, their traditions, their rituals, their records, and their other perishable contrivances.” Rather he based his argument on “the universality of the affections; the yearning of every mind to care for something out of itself.” Buckle asserted that “it is in the need of loving and of being loved, that the highest instincts of our nature are first revealed.” As if reflecting on his mother’s death, Buckle continued that “as long as we are with those whom we love. . ., we rejoice.” But when “the enemy [death]” approaches, “when the very signs of life are mute. . . and there lies before us nought save the shell and husk of what we loved too well, then truly, if we believed the separation were final. . . the best of us would succumb, but for the deep conviction that all is not really over.” We have “ a forecast of another and a higher state.” Thus, Buckle concludes, “it is, then, to that sense of immortality with which the affections inspire us, that I would appeal for the best proof of the reality of a future life.”

Other women in Buckle’s life Although love for his mother dominated his life, there were other instances of his love for women. At seventeen, he fell in love with a cousin and “challenged a man to whom she was engaged”. He fell for another cousin, but his parents objected.

In 1861, when Buckle went to Egypt, he invited “one Elizabeth Faunch, the widow of a carpenter, to join him. . . . Mrs. Faunch refused his invitation, but there is some evidence that the two had been engaged in a liaison for some time.”.

Last travels and death The death of his mother in 1859 combined with the exhausting work on the second volume of the History of Civilization in England and its publication in 1861 invoked a decision by Buckle to go to Egypt to recover from exhaustion. He toured Egypt. Then, feeling better, Buckle traveled to Palestine and Syria. He died of typhoid fever in Damascus, Syria, on 29 May 1862 and was buried there. A sister provided a gravestone with the epitaph “I know that he shall rise again”. The sister of the British consul in Damascus added: “The written word remains long after the writer; The writer is resting under the earth, but his works endure. .