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Islamic Era
amda seyon chronicals record earliest mention of harars existence in his victories over adal. adal at this time was an autonomous state under the abyssinian empire. after the death amda seyon harar would become the leading islamic city- the city in the islamic world

Harar is first mentioned in the abyssinian chronicles of amda seyon. Harar at this time belonged to the emirate of zeila. The first to be mentioned is Omar walashma, who may have reigned about 1150.-source ej brill First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 1-p.264

Adal Rule
The Emir of Harar, Mahfuz led campaigns against Abyssinia in order to regain control over fategar, dawaro and bali. The Walasma King muhammad however opted infavour of peace with the Abyssinians, which led to Mahfuz becoming more popular in Adal.-p.166 cambridge history of africa (date of events, find other sources)

sultan mohammed wanted peace but amir of harar mahfuz didnt and took title imam.-ethiopia and the red sea

mahfuz killed also & abu bakr killed by imam ahmed-the city in the islamic world

This split adal into two parties, the moderate walasma sultans and the war mongering emirs. mahfuz was eventually killed by dawit 2 in fetegar and dawit would later assume the title wanag segad, which is a combination of harari and geez terms**(find source)**. not long after this the walasma king would be assassinated due to his unpopularity -p.167 cambridge history of africa (date of event, find other sources)

ahmed would marry mahfuz’s daughter del wambara.-ethiopia and the red sea

walasma moves capital from dakar to harar-ethiopia and the red sea-ethiopia and the red sea

Garad Abun would assume power as emir due to his popularity and connection with Mahfuz. The Walasma king Abu Bakr however kills him and moves the walasma capital to Harar. Abu Bakrs popularity begins to detoriate when he is blamed for not defending adal's western front from abyssinian forces. The abyssnian govenor of dawaro invaded adal and looted it while abu bakr failed to defend it. Garad Abuns followers were able to electe a new leader Umar Din and were able to defeat the abyssinian army and recoup the loot. Tensions became high between followers of abu bakr and umar din and at one point abu bak was forced to leave harar. one of the followers of garad abun was ahmed ibn ibrahim al ghazi, he would become the leader of the opposition after the death of umardin.-p.168 cambridge history of africa (date of event, find other sources)

ahmeds followers would force abu bakr to share the leadership after a couple victories in the battlefield. on the new terms king abu bakr was allowed back into harar. ahmad went on to strengthening his postition in harar and extend inluence over somali with whom he was in conflict at the start of career.-p.169 cambridge history (date of event,find other sources)

besides somali ahmed recruited other tribes in conflict with the christian empire. harla hargay, the shoa and geday. by 1527-9 imam was about ready to invade the christian empire.-p.170 cambridge history (date of event, find other sources)

when ahmed died his followers returned to harar.-p.182 cambridge history (date of event, find other sources)

hararis view nur highly as he was instrumental in protecting harar against oromo raids. nur abandoned traditional wars with ethiopia in favour of containing oromos-ethiopia and the red sea

oromos took south ethiopia and occupied entire region of harar devestated it. and nur tried to resist he died of famine. however many of the oromos converted to islam. which helped harar’s trade and market-the city in the islamic world

harar town was besiged by oromos and were not for help from the coast it would have fallen to oromo.-ethiopia and the red sea

muhammad jasa a blood line of gran would assume power to launch another invasion into ethiopia however to the disgust of hararis he moved the capital to awsa. with lacks of walls to protect his new capital, jasa fell to oromo raids. adal would end— ethiopia and the red sea

Emirate of Harar
ali ibn daud dynasty started to mint its own coins. harar would survive due to only trade as it was isolated with a weak military-the city in the islamic world

Richard burton had initially decided to disguise himself as a turk but instead decided to be arab as the turks were not liked in harar.—find source

Egyptian Occupation
egyptian rauf pasha who had already taken zayla and berbera in 1870 after conquering sudan, occupied harar from 1874-1884.

The Egyptian Hikimadiyra of Harar and its hinterland Phd dissertation Tel aviv university july 2008

In 1875 harare became occupied by khedivate of egypt. <page1

Urabi revolt resulted in Britain conquering Egypt itself in 1882.<page3

The arrival of european missionary of the catholic capucine order who’s goal was to christinize oromos in harar, did not sit well with hararis.<page 3



Abyssinian Rule
menelik king of shoa conquered harar province 1887. he named his cousin makonen governor of harar. most striking symbol of defeat was the destruction of the great mosque that was in faras magala the central square, and its replacement with orthodox chucrch.-the city in the islamic world

when the governor of harar ras mekonen died. his son tafari who was born in harar became governor. tafari would later become emperor haile selasie on 1930

Italian Occupation
Italians took occupied harar in 1936 snd began rapidly developing the infrastructure of the city. the italians counting on muslims to fight amahra resistance built mosques anad declared arabic the official lannguage in harar. this favoured ethiopian muslims who until now were caste out of the political sphere-the city in the islamic world

Contemporary Era
In 1995 the harari people were able to govern their land after centuries of foreign rule. The main political party in Harar used the slogan "The history of harar is not the history of ethiopia.-anthropologica 2002-p.59