User:Victar/Haplogroup J1c3 (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup J1c3 (P58) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J1c. It was known as J1e until February 2010, when a number of mutations were discovered in the J1 tree that made a change in nomenclature necessary.

Origin
A 2009 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more Northern origin than previously thought. According to this article, the origin of J1c3 is likely to have been in "a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey", spreading southward and towards the Mediterranean. Moreover, the network analysis of J1c3 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with "star burst" expansion in the Arabian Desert. The overall conclusion of the study was that that J1c3 spread with pastoral nomads who would migrate based on rainfall patterns from the Zagros and Taurus mountains to the Levant, with the first such migrations occurring during the neolithic period.

Subclades

 * J1c3  P58 - formerly J1e
 * J1c3*  -
 * J1c3a  M367.1, M368.1 - formerly J1e1
 * J1c3b  M369 - formerly J1e2
 * J1c3c  L92, L93
 * J1c3d  L147.1
 * J1c3d*  -
 * J1c3d1  L174.1
 * J1c3d2  L222.2 formerly J1c3d1
 * J1c3d2*  - formerly J1c3d1*
 * J1c3d2a  L65.2/S159.2 formerly J1c3d1a

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 was first identified by Karafet et al. in 2008. From early commercial testing, it appears that its associated Y-STR haplotype range spans many of the haplotypes associated with haplogroup J1, and that the majority of the members of haplogroup J1 will belong to this subgroup, with some smaller P58-negative groups.

J1c3d
The expansion of Haplogroup J1c3d is closely tied to the expansion of the Semitic languages, they themselves both linked to the expansion of herder–hunters moving into the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula. , which is both consistent with J1c3d's age estimate and its parent clade's place of highest diversity.

Arabian Plate
Haplogroup J1c3, defined by the P58 marker is most frequent in Yemen-Saudi (65%) It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.5%), Syria (30%), Lebanon (25%). In Jewish populations, J1c3 constitutes 30% of the Yemenite Jews, 20.0% of Ashkenazi results, and 12% of Sephardi results.

North Africa
In North Africa, J1c3 first entered Ethiopia in the Neolithic and is common among Semitic speakers, with a frequency of 33.3% among Amharas in Semino et al. 2004. It spread later to North Africa in historic times (as identified by the motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22; Algerians 35.0%, Tunisians 31%), where it became something like a marker of the Arab expansion in the early medieval period. Haplogroup J1 may be found in as many as 20% of Egyptian males, with the frequency of this haplogroup tending to be comparatively high in the south of the country. Arredi et al. report Haplogroup J, apart from Haplogroup J2, in 4 out of 44 men tested (9.1%) from a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Mansoura in northern Egypt, and 6/29 = 20.7% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Luxor in southern Egypt.

Eurasian Plate
The frequency of Haplogroup J1c3 collapses suddenly at the borders of Arabic speaking countries with mainly non-Arabic speaking countries, such as Iran (10.40%) and Turkey (9%). The distribution of J1 outside of the Middle East is associated with Middle Eastern traders of the Neolithic who settled in Europe. It is also seen in the Black sea region of Turkey as well as in Dagestan, Russia in the Caucasus. In a study of 259 men of minorities from Iran and Azerbaijan (Roewer2009), 17-marker STR haplotypes resembling those typical for J1c3 were found in Iranian Arabs at 23.9%, and 10.9% in nearby Bakhtiaris. North Talysh (now part of Azerbaijan) had an incidence of 16.3. 11.1% in South Talysh, 7.0% in Gilaki and 4.4% in Mazandarani.

Cohanim
A further study published in 2009 found new markers and better defined J1c3*(J-P58*). The researchers demonstrated that 46.1% of Cohanim carry Y chromosomes belonging to a single paternal lineage (J-P58*) that likely originated in the Near East well before the dispersal of Jewish groups in the Diaspora. Support for a Near Eastern origin of this lineage comes from its high frequency in our sample of Bedouins, Yemenis (67%), and Jordanians (55%) and its precipitous drop in frequency as one moves away from Saudi Arabia and the Near East (Fig. 4). Moreover, there is a striking contrast between the relatively high frequency of J-58* in Jewish populations (»20%) and Cohanim (»46%) and its vanishingly low frequency in our sample of non- Jewish populations that hosted Jewish diaspora communities outside of the Near East.

According to Yunusbayev et al. 2006: "Overall, our results corroborate the initially suggested genetic contribution of Middle Eastern populations to Caucasus populations".

One group which appears to systematically test negative for P58 is the J1 cluster in which the Y-STR marker DYS388 has a low value of 13, indicating that this branch of J1 appears to be descended from a distinct population group. Attention was first drawn to this group in 2003, in "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," by Cinnioglu et al, who stated, "Haplogroup J1-M267 occurs at 9% frequency and is also uniformly distributed across Turkey...with the exception of eight samples localized to the northern geographic periphery that all have an unusual “short” 13 repeat DYS388 allele... We propose that this subset of J1 lineages have a unique heritage.... These peculiar chromosomes distribute along the northern tier of Turkey. While this lineage has not been observed in Greece, it has been detected in Georgia (Semino, unpublished results), suggesting Black Sea coastal gene flow."