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Traditional Lifestyle and Food Systems of Pacific Northwest Native Americans

Treaties recognized that food is at the center of Native American cultures. Indian tribes are sovereign nations, and part of their sovereignty includes access to their traditional foods. Foods integral to the lives of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest were camas, berries, salmon, clams, and wild game. These foods were abundant and easily accessible to the hunter-gather people of this region. Foods influenced tribal cultures, legends, aesthetics, economics, and subsistence. Increasing health problems on reservations has renewed the interest in traditional foods. Food Sovereignty Programs help tribal members recognize the health benefits of incorporating traditional foods into their diets.

Historical Background
Indian tribes inhabiting the watersheds of the Pacific Northwest had cultures based on harvesting fish, wildlife, and other natural resources in the region.

Citations: Mann, Charles. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 2005.

Location & Geography
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Pacific Northwest Indian Nations
NWIFC member tribes are: Lummi, Nooksack, Swinomish, Upper Skagit, Sauk-Suiattle, Stillaguamish, Tulalip, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, Nisqually, Squaxin Island, Skokomish, Suquamish, Port Gamble S’Klallam, Jamestown S’Klallam, Lower Elwha Klallam, Makah, Quileute, Quinault, and Hoh.

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Natural Resources
Content: Abundance w/ Moderate Coastal Climate

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Ecological Interactions
Stewards of the land

burning brush & grassland to increase habitat

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Indigenous Science
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Citations: Cajete, Gregory. Native Science: Natural Laws for Interdependence. ____________

Cajete, Gregory. A People’s Ecology. _______________

Cronan, William. Changes in the Land. _________________

Nelson, Melissa. Original Instructions: Indigenous Teachings for a Sustainable Future. ____________ book: Native Science

Pacific Northwest Aesthetics
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Traditional Life Style and Foods
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Citations: "Native American Foods". Native American Net Roots. Retrieved April 2012.

Nabban, Gary. Renewing America’s Food Traditions. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008. Print. (Salmon Nation, Chapter 12).

Cultural Significance
Cultural significance of food

Citations: Grenier, Louise. Working with Indigenous Knowledge: A Guide for Researchers. Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Center. 1998

Ceremonies
Four ceremonies

Water, Salmon, Celery, and Berry

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Treaties
In the mid-1850s, when the United States government wanted to make Washington a state, a series of treaties were negotiated with tribes in the region. Through the treaties, the tribes gave up most of their land, but they reserved rights that were supposed to protect their way of life: “The right of taking fish and usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians, in common with all citizens of the United States; and of erecting temporary houses for the purposes of curing; together with the privilege of hunting on open and unclaimed lands.”

The Treaty of Point No Point was signed on January 26, 1855, at Hahdskus, or Point No Point, on the northern tip of the Kitsap Peninsula. The governor of the Washington Territory, Isaac Stevens (1818-1862), convened the treaty council on January 25, with the S'Klallam, the Chimakum, and the Skokomish. Under the treaty, tribes of the northern Kitsap Peninsula ceded ownership of their land in exchange for a small reservation and hunting and fishing rights.

The promises of the treaties were quickly broken in the decades that followed. The struggle to obtain recognition of those rights climaxed in the “Fish Wars” of the late 1960s and early 1970s, when tribal members were arrested and jailed for exercising their treaty reserved rights to harvest salmon.

Fishing Rights (Law, Policy and Economics)
In 1974, the tribes won a major victory in U.S. vs. Washington (Boldt Decision), which reaffirmed their treaty-protected fishing rights. The ruling – which has been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court – established the tribes as co-managers of the resource entitled them to 50 percent of the harvestable number of salmon returning to Washington waters.

Following the ruling, the tribes created the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (NWIFC) to assist them in conducting orderly and biologically sound fisheries. More recent federal court rulings upholding treaty-reserved shellfish harvest rights have further expanded the role and responsibilities of the tribes as natural resource managers.

Citations: Treaty of Point No Point < http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5637> Retrieved May 2012.

Reservation Life Impacts Traditional Lifestyle
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Children: Citations:Ide, John. The Failure of American Indian Education: A Clash of Cultures. Pittsburgh: Rose Dog Books, 2003. Print.

Rations & Commodities
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White Flour
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Citations: Dangers of White Flour. . Retrieved March 2012.

Sugar
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Citations: Sugar, the Sweetest Poison.. Retrieved March 2012.

Salt
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Lard
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Fry-Bread
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Convenience Foods
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Nutritional Connection to Increasing Health Problems
refined foods

4 white foods

Citations: Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, et al. A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean. . Histochem Cell Biol. Nov. 2008.

Obesity
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Diabetes
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Cardiovascular
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Nutritional Connection to Learning Disorders
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Citations: Bradford, John and Ferguson, William. Direct Learning. Dyslexia Online Magazine. Dyslexia and Diet. February 2008. . Retrieved: 8 April 2012.

Role of Nutrition in Learning and Behavior. National Agricultural Library. August 2011. . Retrieved: 8 April 2012.

Food Sovereignty
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GMOs
Genetically modified foods:20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods. World Health Organization. . April 2012.

Are Biotech Foods Safe to Eat? WebMD.: . April 12, 2012.

Banning GMOs. Voice of the Environment. . April 10, 2012.

Breyer, Melissa. How to Win a GMO Debate: 10 Facts Why GM Food is Bad. . Dec. 12, 2011.

Charlemagne. European Politics: Genetically Modified Food, an American menace?. March 3, 2009.

Smith, Jeffrey. Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods. Fairfield: Yes Books. 2007.

Smith, Jeffrey. The Seeds of Deception. . Nov. 1, 2007.

Whitman, Deborah. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? . April 2000.

Return to Traditional Foods to Reduce Health Risks
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Citations: Wolf, Robb. The Paleo Solution - The Original Human Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt, 2010. Print.

Salmon
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Salmon Woman
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Nutritional Value
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Citations: 6 Health Benefits of Salmon. . Retrieved March 2012.

Harvesting and Sustainability
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Negative Impact from Salmon Farming
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Game meat (Elk, Deer and other Game Meat)
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Citations: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.

Hunting and Sustainability
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Roots & Tubers
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Camas
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Wild Carrots
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Potatoes
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Nutritional Value
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Citations: 6 Health Benefits of Potatoes. . Retrieved March 2012.

9 Reasons to Love Sweet Potatoes. . Retrieved March 2012.

Harvesting and Sustainability
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Berries = “Super Food”
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Citations: Seeram, Navindra. Berry Fruits: Compositional Elements, Biochemical Activities, and the Impact of Their Intake on Human Health, Performance, and Disease. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (56): 627-629. 2008.

Service Berry (June Berry)
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Silver Buffalo Berry
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Citations: Buffaloberry. . Retrieved March 2012.

Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Chokecherry
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Citations: Chokecherry. <http://www.wildfoods.info/wildfoods/chokecherry.html>. Retrieved March 2012.

Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Huckleberries
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Citations:Stark, N. The Ecology and Culture of Montana Huckleberries: A Guide for Growers and Researchers. Missoula: University of Montana. 1992

Martinez, Michael. "Huckleberry Wild". Retrieved April 2012.

Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Citations:Horowitz, Ellen. "Huckleberry Hounds". Montana Outdoors. Retrieved April 2012.

"Huckleberry Management". US Forest Service. Retrieved April 2012.

Three Sisters: Corn, Beans and Squash
Content: Check to see if these were these grown by Pacific NW Indians

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Corn
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Citations: Gibson, Lance and Benson, Garren. Origin, History, and uses of Corn (Zea mays). <http://www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/agron212/readings/corn_history.htm>. Jan. 2002.

Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Beans and Legumes
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Squash
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Nuts & Seeds
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Nettle
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Nutritional Value
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Harvesting and Sustainability
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Water as Medicine
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Citations: Batmanchelidj, F. Your Body’s Many Cries for Water. __________2008.

Native Gardening
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Citations: Wilson, Gilbert. Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden. _______________

Mihesuah, Devon. Recovering Our Ancestors’ Gardens. ________________

Other Resources
resources in NASX415 file resources & books in journal (Guns, Steel & Germs...)

Snell,Alma. A Taste of Heritage. ________________

“_____________________.”<http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2006/lcbotany.htm>. Retrieved March 2012.

“______________________.”<http://www.cherokeephoenix.org>. Retrieved March 2012.