User:Vidya Bhimireddy/Hormone receptors

== Only after the functioning three-dimensional structures of the protein family known as nuclear receptors are identified will their activities be completely appreciated. The steroid-thyroid-retinoid receptor superfamily, which also includes the receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, vitamins A and D-derived hormones, and certain fatty acids, includes these ligand-activated transcription factors. Most family members are homologous proteins for which no known ligand has been found (the orphan receptors). ==

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A receptor molecule that attaches to a particular chemical messenger is called a hormone receptor. The large family of proteins known as hormone receptors includes receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids, vitamin D, and several additional receptors for different ligands, including fatty acids and .There are primarily two groups of hormone receptors.Trans membrane receptors are receptors for peptide hormones that are typically cell surface receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of cells.Insulin is an example for this. Steroid hormone receptors ,such as testosterone, are typically present in the protoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors.The receptor can activate a variety of signaling cascades upon hormone binding, which eventually results in change in the behaviour of target cells.

A significant portion of the treatment for breast cancer involves hormone therapy and hormone receptors. The hormones can be modified to alter both the function and proliferation of the cells.These hormones may prevent cancer from surviving in the body of a peson.

Ligand binding :

A hormone binds to hormone receptor proteins as a result of a buildup of weak interactions. The high surface area of enzymes and receptors, along with their comparitively large sizes, forms the basis for these weak interactions.Because of the complementarity of these interactions between polar, non-polar, charged, neutral, hydrophillic, or hydrophobic residues, this binding is actually very specific. When a ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor frequently changes shape and may bind more ligands, activating a signaling pathway.The connections between hormones and their receptors are so highly specialized and even extremely low hormone concentrations can trigger a major physiological response.The structure of a receptor might vary based on the function of the hormone and its receptor is a complicated process that can be influenced by many binding sites, reversible and irreversible interactions, and cooperative binding.

Functions of Hormone receptors :

1.Signal transmission :

A response in the receptor is made possible by the presence of a hormone or several hormones, which starts a cascade of sigaling .The hormone receptor interacts with several molecules to cause a range of changes, including an increase or decrease in the availability of nutrients,growth, and other metabolic processes.cellular growth and metabolic proceses are controlled by signaling pathways by activating or inactivating gene expression, transporting metabolites, and regulating enzyme activity.

2.Helps in gene expression :9

In order to function as transcription factors, hormone receptors can either bind with the DNA directly or communicate through signaling pathways.The co-regulators involved in thus process mitigate it. Receptor molecules engage corepressors to inhibit gene expresion in the absence of ligand, compacting chromatin through [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/histone-deacetylase#:~:text=Histone%20deacetylase%20(HDAC)%20is%20an,less%20accessible%20to%20transcription%20factors. histone deacetyatase]. Nuclear receptors undergo a conformational change to attract diffeent coactivators when a ligand is present.These chemicals influence chromatin remodeling his is how receptors control the regulation of gene expresssion in response to both the external environment and the local cellular make-up.