User:Vinesh.mdx/sandbox

Photo manipulation (500 words)
Photo manipulation is the process of altering an image using various methods to gain the modification. The technique can be considered artwork but also considered to be a procedure that may cause harm to others if viewed publicly. This can be especially bad when used to trick the public eye. The process can be used to create propaganda or to be used for humour. Building on the use of the technique, few images are viewed as art since it includes the production of exclusive images and craftsmanship by the artists. Many early artists had begun using this style of work by utilizing darkroom procedures (darkening and lightening an image).

History
The technique has been used since the late 1800s. It had started shortly after the first photograph had been made in 1825. Methods for photo manipulation on prints could have been done through reworks with ink, scratching film, paint or even airbrushing. Another way of photographs being manipulated is through the negatives, examples of this could be double exposures or darkroom techniques like bleaching (to lighten or burn out parts of the photograph). They might have also done hand colouring for aesthetic purposes to recreate fine art. Not until the technology had developed in the 20th century to create digital photography, would it be easier to carry these methods out. The first use of the technique was with editing President Abraham Lincoln and the Southern politician, John Calhoun’s body.

Political and ethical uses (journalism, fashion, social media and advertising)
The process of manipulating a photo to change the reader’s opinion is a use of its technique. This can cause many minor iterations on the interpretation that the reader gains from the image and can be a powerful tool to persuade the reader’s opinion on an argument too. Photo manipulation can therefore be used in politics for propaganda. An example is an image of British soldiers in the Iraqi war in 2003. A soldier in one image was gesturing at a group of citizens because of incoming fire. To be edited as if he was no longer gesturing and a child in the Iraqi citizens hands and instead insinuating for him to get down.

Photo manipulation in fashion is a heavily scrutinised topic in the industry. The distortion and rework to images of models in the industry can lead to young people investing in role models and looks that are unachievable to attain due to the editing behind the images exposed. The fashion industry has high standards as it is, but with the addition of photo manipulation, these aspiring goals look even harder to gain. Some modifications can be to change features like skin complexion, body shape, hair colour, biological features etc. The main use would be to eliminate flaws and exaggerate the appearance of the models to create unrealistic expectations. This can be damaging to the public who see these images and take them for reality when most have been modified to look better than the original images.

Digital imaging in medical scans (500 words)
Digital imaging has its uses in medicine. The term is medical imaging, whereby the method allows you to look inside the human body for medical analysis. It produces visual representations of the flesh or organs that are scanned. The methods can also be used for pathology. It also analyses and can be used for evaluation on diseases inside the body including abnormalities within the organs too. The main way of doing so is through using radiation to create the images. A few types being X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT/CAT) and positron emission tomography (PET).

Radiography
There are two types of radiographic images; Projection radiography and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy creates images of the internal structure of the body in real-time, with x-ray dosages at a lower rate. A contrast agent such as barium and the air is used to create the image of the organs working in real-time. In early versions of this method, a mirror was used at the opposite end of the image receptor (which is converted from the radiation) in an image amplifier vacuum tube. Nowadays they use a tv camera to analyse the fluorescent screen. The second method is projection radiography, which is generally known as x-rays. This method mostly assesses fractures and can check the lungs too. The scan produces a two-dimensional image of the bone through visualising the radiation.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
This type of scan works by using powerful magnets in a tube the subject being put through laying completely still. It can be used for most parts of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging works with the powerful scanner magnets lining up with the protons in your body in the same direction. Small excretions of radio waves are sent around to specific areas of the body taking the protons out of their line. The radio signals are turned off, with the protons realigning and then the signals are picked up by the receivers. The signals tell us the precise location of where the protons in the body are. The body also has different speeds of realignment, allowing us to locate what type of tissue is being scanned. The millions of protons in the body are used together to create an image in the body.

Ultrasound
Ultrasound scans function by using high-frequency sound-waves in the specific megahertz range needed to scan the specific tissue area to create three-dimensional images. This technique is most commonly used when examining the foetus of a pregnant woman. The scan also works in imaging other parts of the body like the heart, muscles, arteries and veins and organs. The method uses no ionizing radiation and also can study moving structures, although does not produce the same detail in scans as an MRI scan would. This method is very safe, causes no effects and is also a speedy procedure. Unlike other techniques that may cause damage from overexposure of radiation to the body.

Copyright Enforcement:
Those who have copyrights are entitled to enforce their claims as it is their responsibility to do so. In court, the holder may stop any person from making more use out of the material by seeking claims to stop them.

The laws around copyrights are enforced in a civil law court, however, there can also be criminal status’ applied in some circumstances. Records are kept in countries to show the official documents of the ownership claims, yet just applying for it does not give evidence of proof to ownership, the same way using a copyrighted word may not be a cause of the violation.There are sanctions in the criminal justice system which are mostly focused on counterfeiting and using the copyrighted claim in an unjust way. We are also now seeing new ways of copyright violations where online data is being accessed without the permission of copyrights, which are difficult to deal with but get dealt with in court.

In most cases, the holder of the copyright must be able to enforce the contract of the title. This means that the holder will most often be present in legal representations (in court or etc). This makes many of those in a copyright predicament, carry out disputes without using the justice system and make direct contact for the dispute.

Dub music:
Dub music can also be mistaken with other forms of remixing of music, such as bootleg recordings, refixes and flip. Dub music primarily uses the removal of vocals in a song to create the new version of itself, whereas the other types may alter the song in a different way. A remix is when the style of the song is changed, rather than just altering the original track, this usually indicates a change in genre when a remix is done to a song. This is also not a consistent written rule for all remixes as they can technically be changed to whatever the artist wants to.

Bootleg recordings are remixes that are done unofficially and not with the permission of the original artist. These types of recordings are essentially the same as a remix, yet are more-so found on unofficial platforms such as SoundCloud and YouTube, whereas on official streaming platforms, such as Spotify and Apple Music, will not verify the bootleg mixes.

A flip is the process of sampling a beat or song in a unique way. This type of remixing mostly focuses on music sampling. Flipping a beat can create a completely different vibe to a track. For example, this UK 1011 drill freestyle (which the original has been delated), has been flipped with a song called Gypsy Women (She’s homeless) by Crystal Waters. This alteration within the song completely rewrites the original freestyle to offer it a different musical approach. The more attention these types of remixes gain, the more likely they are to get onto the official streaming platforms.